Apple, IT and. The Specter of Sweatshop Labor Essay Example for Free

apple, IT and. The Specter of Sweatshop Labor Essayorchard apple tree INC orchard apple tree club has been in blood line for more than 40 years designing, manufacturing and commercialise mobile communicating and media devices and portable digital music players (Hitchcock, 2011). Apple markets a number of softw atomic number 18 and a number of networking solutions. Apple is the definition of new and advanced technology. They deal with a range products from music player IPad, mobile devices IPhone computers Mac, television and business and personal software. Their products are classifiable and mostly preferred by an enormous number of customers. Their market base extends globally. Apple products are unique and are identified with their brand name and a picture of an apple fruit. Apple offers support for their products that operate on their internally designed software. Their products are well equipped with modern technology and designed to meet clients expectations and nee ds. In the modern world, technology dictates our day to day lives. A few decades ago, mobile phones were owned by specific few and mostly used for business. Today mobile phones are used for both personal and business activities. Phones are a sense of direction, communication and a friend to humanity. Apple products have a distinctive nature and a stratified class non owned by many. IPhone, a product of Apple, is a phone preferred by many abroad and locally. The nature of the phone is designed to operate and meets muckle daily needs. iPhone is beautifully made mobile device that combines a number of functions. iPhone functions as a communication platform, a digital music player and for meshwork communication. iPhone features range from communication platform, the internet net work platform, and entertainment. iPhone has a multi-touch user embrasure, web browsing, PC based email platform and is integrated with other windowpane based computers. iPhone serves as an entertainme nt platform, integrated with iTunes libraries where one can download music, tv clips, software and other application. The phone has different versions with various and advanced technology ranging from iPhone 1 to the recent Apple design iPhone 5 the latest version of iPhone. Apple offers support when it comes to iPhone with their online accessories compatible with thephone. The phone is a remarkable piece and sympathetic to the eye. Another distinctive product of Apple is the iPad. IPad is a product characterized by entertainment and internet communication. Some of the features of iPad include music player, a platform for downloading music, video clips and software, web browsing and an email platform. Just like iPhone, iPad is to a fault compatible with window based computers and also Mac range of computers products of Apple. Ipad has touch user interface and ability to download music, photos, and video clips. Ipad enables people to connect with their applications in more frien dly way. The device is both used for running personal errands and business activities. The consideration of the device enables people of all age ease in using the device. Children prefer ipad since its compatibility with different variety of games, online and offline. Ipad has different versions with their latest fourth-generation iPad mini. Apple products have distinctive nature of the I before their products is their original trademark and other features not found in many related technological devices, a beautiful complex body part friendly to humanity with their portability feature and remarkable service constituted with support system by the Company. The two key external factors affecting Apple Company are increasing completion from companies offering mobile, computer, tablets and television devices and international legal disputes. For many years, Apple has been the leading(p) innovator when it comes to technological devices followed closely with their leading compe titors. Microsoft has been the leading competitor of Apple for many years and set up their devices accordingly. Microsoft, the designers of widows based platforms, are the biggest rivals Apple when it comes to computers and tablets applications. Microsoft latest design of Windows 8 is increasingly threatening Apple domination of tablets application. Windows 8 comes with a designed app store a feature which was only evident in Apple line of tablets. This real completion for Apple and might turn out to be a catastrophe for Apple company. Widows app store offer varieties that are bad for business for Apple INC. Windows phones were also a big competition for Apple Company but recently Google has set up and surpassed widows. Google Android operating systems and Android line of phones are now the important competitors for Apple iPhone and operating systems. The market base for Android products is threatening Apple market base for iPhones and operating systems. Google recent developme nt, of purchasing Motorola, is a big task for Apple because of Google massive manufacturer of mobile devices. Another development of Google threatening Apple is their new design of home theater systems of Televisions partnering with Sony and Samsung Companies. The second critical external factor affecting Apple Company is continued international legal disputes around the world. Apple being the leading innovators for their line of products makes them be the hunted and not the hunters. One of their going international legal disputes is the ongoing co-wireless licensing patent lawsuit. Co-wireless licensing patent an ally of Microsoft is suing Apple for wireless patents. If the lawsuit were to go through, this would be a huge blow for Apple since most of their products operate on a wireless network. Apple is also facing another international legal dispute succeeding(a) claims that Apple purchased iPad trademark illegally. With their distinctive feature of their products start ing with an i, this lawsuit could turn out to be a catastrophe for the company disrupting the flow of Apple tablet market share. These legal disputes are bad for business for the Apple Company and if they were to go through it could mark the end of the leading innovators Apple INC. Stakeholders in an organization include customers, employees, the entire community, suppliers and the business partners. Customers and the community are the key stakeholders in the success of an organization. Satisfied customers and the whole community lead to real business. aboriginal stakeholders affect an organization mostly monetaryly. Primary stakeholders include shareholders, employees, and suppliers. Primary stakeholders contribute to an organizations environmental risks that impact negatively on financial functioning of an organization. For example, the lawsuit affecting Apple INC, are environmental risks facing the company as a result of the Companys management decisions and employees contributions. Managing risks are also caused by executives of the company whole and poorly having in my mind that stakeholders are on their side contributing to financial problems. Management of an organization are the create blocks of a company and how they operate or run business affect the firm directly and reflect on the finances of the Company. Apple Company operates chthonian a strict management and a no-nonsense leader. Inadequate participation of employees may contribute to poor financial performances. Pressure from the employees is evident on how a firm performs (Henriques and Sadorsky, 2007). Steve Jobs exact pressure on his employees and many consider him a tough leader as Apple continues to record profits in their financial reports. Another factor that affects financial performance of an organization is the structure and working of an organization. Apples leadership under Steve Jobs who was very strict when it comes to the Companys performance and does not take any incompetence from the employees lightly. Apple Company has a well-structured supply chain management that coordinates its suppliers, the operations of the organization and the customers. This coordination by Apple and its business partners ensures inactive operations in the Company eliminating possibility of registering loses. Labor practices are a controversial corporate social responsibility concern associated with Apple. Apple has been accused of overworking its employees following recent speculations from two supplier shops in China known as Foxconn and Inventec. Media recorded that workers in these Companies are forced to work long hours and are underpaid. In addition, they are forced to live on the premises of these Companies where they have to pay rent and other expenses from the little they earn from the Company. This has raised debates over Chinese labor regulations and whether it is entirely Apples fault of Foxconn fault. Apple continues to defend their rep utation by claims that they uphold acceptable working standards (Ericka, 2008).ReferencesMorphy, Ericka (January 31, 2008), Apple, IT and. The Specter of Sweatshop Labor, Mac naked as a jaybird WorldChristina Hitchcock, (Oct,11,2011). Apple, Inc. Mission Statement, Business Description, and (n.d.). Retrieved from http//christinaahitchcock.com/?p=102Brayden King (Mar, 4, 2013).Managing the Reputational and Market Risks of Social Activism Retrieved fromhttp//insight.kellogg.northwestern.edu/article/managing_the_reputational_and_market_risks_of_social_activism/Peter, muller. (Apr 8, 2012). External Factors. affecting AppleInc Retrieved fromwww.youtube.com/watch?v=2sOdHonN8jQSource document

Sigmund Freud Essay Example for Free

Sigmund Freud EssaySigmunds Freud contribution to forgiving psychology comes in his proposal of the existence of the unconcisuos. According to him, this is the part of the human record that human do not know about themselves. This was in direct contrary to the concept of positivism. While positivism promotes real knowledge and control upon human character, emotions, actions and reactions, Freuds unconscious tells otherwise. The concept have also helped in margenalizing the concept of freewill, stating that there are several factors that humans are not in control. In the human psyche this refers to the unconcious.Nonetheless, since it is William James who was first to tackle the concepts of the unconcious and the subconcious, it would be a mistake to give all the credit to Freud. The important contribution made by Freud in human psychological functioning would be his ways to study and uncover the reality and existence of the unconscious. It is through his methods that the conce pt of the unconscious becomes more convince and closer to reality. The methods of studying and interpreting the unconcious paved way to the establishment of beliefs and proofs of its actual existence.Freud have also highlighted the concept of repression as something that could have a vast incumbrance on the unconcious, for repress ideas reflects personal wants and desires as well as fears and sufferings. It is through dreams that Freud have been able to illuminate the basic reality of the unconscious. It was then followed by his small work on psycho call forthual development that explains an event in mans life where he experience a desire for his opposite sex parent and jealousy on the parent of the same sex. This phenomenon was called Oedipus complex or Electra complex.Freud tried to present the development of human nature in accordance to his conjecture that was based on psychosexual gratification. According to his theory, man as he grows learns to control him self and delay g ratification for psychosexual fantasies. The concept of repression enters as a process by which humans tries to forget their psychosexual wants due to increasing moral pressures and societal standards. Nonetheless, these wants are changed into other form of gratification later in life.Freud was also famous upon the idea of two main drives of the human cognisance which are the death drive and the life drive. Freud believes that as human suffer unpleasure or stimulus that affects the body, the human consciousness grows tired and weary. Upon the decrease in the stimuli there will be an increase in pleasure, this could be noted with the calmness that the consciousness received on times of rest, sleep and when surrounded by a clean and serene environment. With all this concepts in place, Freud concludes that death was a driving drive for man and it is in fact the most pleasurable state in which a man could attain.ReferencesBrill, A.A. (1995). The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. Modern Library.

Riparian Ecosystem in the Semi-arid Southwest US

Riparian Ecosystem in the Semi-arid Southwest USYi RongEcosystem projectGeographic locationThe absolute location of the riparian ecosystem in the semi-arid Southwest of the US is 38 11 21 S 109 53 07 W while its relative location is Southwest of the atomic number 27 River.ClimateThe riparian ecosystem in this sh ar registers an annual temperature of approximately 55F with an annual temperature hustle of 40F to 55F. The region receives a bi-modal heedlessness regime with the highest precipitation experienced during the winter as well as during the spend monsoon winds. The annual precipitation can be recorded at between 16cm to 54cm. One of the major factors affecting the temperature and precipitation in this ecosystem is the proximity to the Colorado River which increases precipitation (Trexler 58). The thin cloud cover as well as influence the temperature as well as precipitation as it dictates the amount of direct lielight on the wet on the ground. The elevation of the groun d is withal another beta factor that may influence precipitation and temperature. The high the elevation, an ara will experience higher the temperatures and lower precipitation. However, if the elevation is low then temperatures are expected to be lower while precipitation will be higher (Trexler 63).Extreme wear events in the southwest riparian ecosystem are mainly heat waves, floods and droughts and this can be attributed to the global climate change. This is because the climate of this region can be classified advertisement under a cold, semi-arid climatic zone (Doyle and Drew 13). This is characterized by relatively long drought periods as well as irregular precipitation, growing seasons that range from warm to hot and extended periods of winter which is sustained by freezing temperatures.Landforms and the land forming processesThe riparian ecosystem here sits on a crustal rock that is surrounded by deformed Rocky Mountains together with Basin and Range Provinces (Raynol ds 23). The main structures in this region are flexures, salt tectonic features, monoclines, vertical faults and volcanic. The folds here are broader quite an than the characteristic tight folds found in orogenic belts. The wide areas of flat lying sedimentary rocks are divided by sudden bends of strata that form along the monoclonal folds formed nearly more than 600 million years ago. Normal faults dissect the ground in this area where normal faults are formed by tensional forces in which case the foot wall moves upwards relative to the hanging wall. These faults are more prevalent here because of the movement of the crustal blocks occurring in the Precambrian basement and the differential movement can be attributed to the differences in the elevation in this particular riparian ecosystem (Raynolds 39). Precambrian rocks are visible around the region and they consist of gneiss, schist and jr. sedimentary rocks. About 1.7 billion years ago, a north-south continental compression re sulted in wrench faults areas, one being the Colorado River Lineament.Water and wind are the two key forces that can be attributed to the erosion of the ecosystem over the years (Adler 32). The main reason why water supply is the greatest force of the two is that the sun bakes the soil thereby making it so hard that it becomes difficult to absorb water. Therefore, when it rains, rain water flows freely with immense force. The vegetation in the area also doesnt have deep laid roots to hold the soil together and this only adds to the problem (Lauenroth and Burke 51). As the free flowing water goes down, it creates flash floods that have great power to move rock boulders as big as automobiles. Ice also another erosion factor that cannot be ignored in this area. As faults are created between rocks, water seeps between these cracks and when temperatures are low, it turns to ice thereby expanding the cracks. When these faults get wide enough, pieces of rocks on the edges fall outside(a) and hit other rocks along the way thereby causing massive erosion effects. The topography of the ecosystem has characteristic different elevation levels. The vegetation in this area is mainly open-woodlands. The plants found here include cottonwoods, alders, cattails, plums as well as tall grass (Ralston 74). The Colorado River also makes an important part of the topography of the ecosystem. Surrounding the ecosystems are canyons and volcanic rocks whose ascends have been eroded over the years mainly by water.Drainage patterns and decant systemsThe flow of the rain cats and dogs determines the forces that erode sediment and transport and deposit the same. This is important as it influences the various dimensions of aquatic systems in the ecosystem (Raynolds 53). The variance of stream flow also plays a major billet in the occurrence of suitable environs and species abundance. The structural controls offered by the environment in the ecosystem act to dictate the various aspects of the streams flow such as its velocity and direction. Drainage patterns of streams in the ecosystem take the form of parallel and dendritic drainage patterns that are the most common in riparian ecosystems. As for the stream capacity, given the geology of the ecosystems and the level of erosion, the stream capacity in the ecosystem is high as the sediments from eroded soil and rocks transported by the stream is also high which translates to high power (Hazel 47). However, stream discharge in the ecosystem is relatively low as the width of the stream is narrow and wouldnt support high stream discharge while the stream velocity is also low due to the many artificial islands formed by rocks found in the stream. These act to reduce the velocity of the stream greatly. The hard soil excavate under the stream makes it difficult for water absorption and therefore when it rains, flash floods form easily while recurrence depends on the rain intervals during the year.BiomeThe biome in the e cosystem is classified according to the latitude within which the ecosystem is located. As a result of this, the climatic conditions brought about by the ecosystems latitude play a major role in determining the biome found in this area. Therefore, the dominant plants found in this particular ecosystem are mainly cottonwoods and open-woodlands. The sentient being species are the mule deer and the red deer (Van Cole 16).Ecosystem characteristics, productivity, and servicesThe productivity of the ecosystem can be seen from the dams and reservoir built in order to reduce the amount of erosion taking place in the ecosystem (Yaffee 61). This has received positive results as erosion has reduced greatly. On productivity, the ecosystem acts as a park ecosystem and local tourists can go and enjoy the different botany and fauna the ecosystem has to offer.Habitat/sThe Riparian habitats are defined by different plants that depend on an integral hydrological regime. It is a case whereby the g roundwater is sustained and surface flows that are natural occur.Plant and animal communitiesAn assemblage of animal and plant communities is what define Riparian ecosystems and the presence of these communities attribute directly or indirectly to stream induced or interrelated factors. A greater diversity of animals and plants are supported by the Riparian ecosystems than the upland habitats.Food web and food duranceIn relation to the food web and chains, it is clear that approximately 80 percent of sensitive vertebrate species depend on aquatic habitants in their emotional state cycle. congressman of an animal and its nicheThere are western screech-owls, which have a niche at the moist woodlands that are found along the lakes and streams.Example of a symbiotic relationshipsA significant symbiotic relationship is between the star-flowered Solomons-seal with the moist shady woodlands that are found along the streams.Human-Land relationshipsDeforestation and animal paring are some of the human activities that are taking place in the ecosystem.Ecosystem statusCurrently, the ecosystem is in a threatened/endangered status as the acts of animal grazing and deforestation are rampant within the area. A practical conservation strategy that has been adopted is the Conservation Reserve Program, which has been redesigned with the purpose of providing priority to areas that are stream buffer zones.Works CitedAdler, Robert W. Restoring Colorado River Ecosystems A Troubled Sense of Immensity. Washington Island Press, 2007. Web.Bainbridge, David. A Guide for Desert and Dryland Restoration New Hope for desiccate Lands. Washington Island Press. 2012. Print.Doyle, Mary, and Cynthia A. Drew. Large-scale Ecosystem Restoration Five Case Studies from the United States. Washington Island Press, 2008. Web.Folliott, Peter and Leonard F. DeBano. Riparian Areas of the Southwestern United States Hydrology, Ecology, and Management. Florida CRC Press. 2003. Print.Hazel, Joseph E. Monit oring Fine-Grained Sediment in the Colorado River Ecosystem, azimuth Control Network. S.l. Bibliogov, 2013. Print.Kaiser, James. Grand Canyon the Complete Guide. Ringgold, Ga. Destination Press, 2011. Print.Lauenroth, William K, and Ingrid C. Burke. Ecology of the Short grass Steppe A Long-Term Perspective. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2008. Web.Ralston, Barbara E. A Vegetation Database for the Colorado River Ecosystem from Glen Canyon Dam to the Western Boundary of Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona. Flagstaff, Ariz. Northern Arizona University, 2007. Print.Raynolds, Robert G. Roaming the Rocky Mountains and Environs Geological Field Trips. Boulder, Colo Geological indian lodge of America, 2008. Print.Trexler, Joel. Monitoring Ecosystems. Washington Island Press. 2003. Print.Van, Riper C, and Mark K. Sogge. The Colorado Plateau Iii Integrating Research and Resources Management for Effective Conservation. Tucson University of Arizona Press, 2008. Print.Van, Riper C, and Kennet h L. Cole. The Colorado Plateau Cultural, Biological, and Physical Research. Tucson University of Arizona Press, 2004. Print.Yaffee, Steven L. Ecosystem Management in the United States An Assessment of Current Experience. Washington, DC Island Press, 1996. Print.

The History Of Wilhelmine Cinema Film Studies Essay

The History Of Wilhelmine movie house call for Studies EssayIn this essay I shall be exploring the history of the National German picture palace and how it has modify and adapted to the continuous shifts in political, economic, social and heathenish exercises both internally and externally that Germany and its flock have experienced over the last century.Wilhelmine CinemaCinema made its debut in Germany in 1895 when br others Emil and Max Skladanowsky invented their own projector system called the Bioscop and on November 1st 1895 demonstrated it with a series of 8 short films changeless 15 minutes in total, this was the very first displaying of moving images to a paying audience in Europe and this symbolises the start of the German film industry.Hake, as well as numerous other scholars and I tend to agree, argue that Wilhelmine picture can be divided into three distinct periods. Which are (1895-1906) topic and Experimentation, (1906-1910) Expansion and Consolidation and (1 910-1918) Standardization. There periods apothegm numerous and various influences on cinema in its early years. For example the first decade saw mussiness of technological innovation particularly since industrialisation was still in full swing during this period, for example Ottomat Anschtzs Tachyscope. until now with Germany still being a furiously imperialistic nation the wonder of moving images was not met with enthusiasm by all parties. Germanys educated upper classes had a material resistance to the power and appeal of the cinema which was based not only in their anxieties about the levelling effect on cultural life but also their fears of the modern masses for whom cinema had start the preferred form of entertainment. (Hake 200811) With the many cultural influences on cinema much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the circus and the fairground, early German cinema had little need for the modern-day literary conventions and instead focused on the visual spectacle and illusionar y aspects of the medium.If one looks to where cinema receives its ultimate power, into these strangely flickering eyes that point far back fightd into human history, suddenly it stands there in all its massiveness visual pleasure. (Brockmann 201016)1906-1910 saw the German Film Industry begin to consolidate itself into a internal industry. All resources, capital, winnings, facilities and technical know-how were consolidated into a few dominate companies, similarly to the studio system in Hollywood. This followed by the foundation of the Geyer Printing lab in 1911 gave the German industry independance from its French competitors, who had been a dominant force in the European film market since the early days of film.The standardisation phase (1910-1918) saw the beginnings of the longer narrative film which became the most popular cinematic form in 1913 alone, more than 350 clean(a) films were released nationwide (Hake 200813). This had a knock-on effect for filmic forms and styl es in Germany with the insane asylum of various new filming and editing techniques including greater variation in shot size and composition, superimposition, fading and masking.The First World War saw German cinema finally break free of French influence with the inclusion of nationalism within films, forming a new bond between industry and state. However Germany did not exploit film and a medium of propaganda as much as Britain did for example with The Beast of Berlin. Surprisingly films and newsreels from the war period were aimed more towards escapism, they may have shown scenes from the front lines notwithstanding realism was often avoided and narrative styles taken up instead.WW1 saw the rise and makeup of some of the industrys big hitting studios such as the UFA studios (1917), setting the stage for the next era of German cinema.Weimar CinemaEconomics had the biggest impact on cinema in the Weimar period, the harsh reparations outlined in the Treaty of Versailles caused hyp erinflation in 1920s Germany. However this allowed for the emergence of the expressionist cinema movement. The inflation allowed filmmakers to Papiermark which would have vastly devalued by the time it needed to be repaid. Nevertheless, film computes were tight and the need to save money was a contributing factor to the rise of expressionist films like the Cabinet of Dr Caligari (1920).The struggle for economic option after the currency reform of 1924 manifested itself in an intense competition over film audiences that touched everything from advertising, journalism, and fandom to programming practices, admissions policies, and theatre architecture and design. Two simultaneous developments certified the transformation of cinema as a public sphere the unification of audiences under the bringing close together of a homogenous middle-class society and the diversification of markets.(Hake 200851)The lately twenties, whilst still not entirely free from economic trouble, brought grea ter economic security to the Weimar Republic. The number of cinemas increased (approximately) from 2,300 to 3,700 between 1918 and 1920, however, despite this films were still constricted by small budgets. notwithstanding as the decade moved on the influence of Expressionism began to fade which allowed for a variety of new styles and genres to emerge most of which concerned with the idea of New Objectivity a phenomenon influencing all artistic mediums of the Weimar period. These films were primarily concerned with social themes and a return to realism. Films such as Joyless Street (Die Freudlose Gasse) (1925) and Pandoras package (1929) by Georg Wilhelm Pabst yielding into this new filmic form. The return to a realist style of cinema prompted a new trend in asphalt and morality films which focused on subjects such as prostitution, homosexuality, addiction, oral sex and abortion. On the other hand Arnold Fanck was also developing the Bergfilm as a genre, these films typically feat ured the protagonist battling the elements up in the mountains.There was one other big movement in German cinema during this period which came in the form of the chamber play or chamber drama (Kammerspiel). Associated with Carl Meyer these films were in many federal agencys a statement against the popular spectacle and expressionist films. chamber play films expressed more conservative attitudes especially in regards to opposing big city life, were often set in small, dreary and very bland settings, usually backing traditional family values. They were often cognise better as instinct films since they focused on the intimate psychology of the characters.The last few years of the Weimar Republic saw some prominent changes in Germany both technologically and politically. National Socialism was on the rise with the German people starting to look for someone to blame for their hardships during the twenties, which would have a dramatic effect on Germany and its film industry in the yea rs to come, but more immediately the introduction of sound was re-shaping the film industry. With a now valet(a) economic crisis the three big German studios (Ufa, Terra, and Emelka) couldnt afford the enormous costs of transitioning to sound films so as a result they consolidated and began searching for new sources of needed capital, resulting in a new found ties with the state in order to protect German culture and stave of American film dominance.national socialist Cinema1933 saw the fall of the Weimar Republic and the rise of the Nazi party thus beginning the next phase in the ever changing sheath of German national cinema. The earlier economic crisis had seen a number of German directors leave Germany for greener pastures but the new anti-semitic laws enforced by the Nazis caused many other directors, actors, composers and screenwriters (Hake 200123) to leave the country taking with them the unique flare that constituted German cinema.Obligatory cheerfulness and and crude sex ual humour took the place of subtle suggestion and double entendre. Visual, acoustic and linguistic wit was abandoned in favor of conventional dramatic effects, and the provocative play with identities gave way to highly normative definitions of sex and race (Hake 200124)With the relationship established between the film industry and the state before the downfall of the Weimar Republic it was easy for the Nazi party to impose it influence over the studios. The Ufa was effectively under Nazi control by March 1933 when Alfred Hugenberg excluded Jews from being able to work at the studio which was several months before the establishment of the Reich Chamber of Film (Reichsfilmkammer) which made the film industry directly under Goebbelss propaganda ministry and led to the exemption of Jews and foreigners from employment within the German film industry. Approximately 3000 people in the industry were adversely affected forcing most to leave Germany such as Fritz Lang who proceeded to ha ve a long and prosperous career in Hollywood.Yet was, as you would expect, all German cinema of this period purely propaganda? Goebbels himself always made the distinction between the 20 percent big budget films with nett propagandistic intentions and the 80 percent films on a higher artistic level. (Hake 20013) However it has been argued that this was not entirely the case with Hans Wollenberg arguing that even apparently upright subjects, comedies or even musicals, have, somehow a tendency to advance Nazi ideologies (Wollenberg 1948). It is clear that there is truth to this as Goebbels proceeded to ban film reprimand in 1936 leaving journalists only to comment on the content of a film rather than its merits, artistic or otherwise.The import of foreign films was also highly confine between 1933 and 1940 the number of American films shown in Germany dropped from 64 to a mere 5 films a year. Entertainment films became increasingly important towards the end of the second world war with films providing from a distraction from the constant threat of Allied bombing and German defeats at the front. Cinema admissions in 1933 and 1944 exceeded over a billion gross sales consisting of big box office hits such as Die groe Liebe (1942) and Wunschkonzert (1941) which combined elements of musical, wartime romance and patriotism.The Nazi regime however brutal and restrictive was not totally without technical innovation in the film industry. One such innovation was the introduction of Agfacolor as a major element of the film turnout process in 1939. Leni Riefenstahl also made numerous contributions to technical and aesthetic achievement with her film Triumph of the Will (1935), documenting the 1934 Nuremberg Rally. This combined with the documenting of the 1936 Summer Olympics, led the way with new techniques for camera movement and editing practices which still influence filmmakers to this day.West GermanyWith the fall of the Nazi regime in 1945 Germany became divided into the East (Communist controlled) and West (capitalist) zones which had an dumbfounding and unmistakable knock on effect to National German Cinema. The Allies began a process of decartelization led by th the American principles of free competition, assailable markets, and the abolition of state control (Fehrenbach 199551-52). This coupled with the Occupation Statute which protected the German film industry by forbidding import quotas allowed cinema in Germany to get back onto its feet.The west established the SPIO, the main professional organisation of the West German Film Industry (Hake 200896) in 1949, which helped establish a spontaneous self-censorship code that was agreed upon by the industry for all the western zones. This code was managed by the Frei allow forige Selbstkon (FSK), the code was modelled after the MPPDA model and has the same taboo subject- nudity, vulgarity, blasphemy (Hake 200896)) and so on. In 1951 the Filmbewertungsstelle (Film Evaluation Board ot FB S) was established creating a system of economic support for filmmakers however was also known for political censorship in an bm to make sure West German films featured principles that would allow smoother integration into the western alliance.For the first time in years German audiences had all-weather access to world cinema with melodramas from the states and Charlie Chaplins classics being popular during this period, the share of German films remained high at 40% of the market in the 1950s with American films taking up a mere 30% of the market. (Schneider 199035, 42 44). Most West German films of the post war period have been categorised as the debris film (Trmmerfilm). Rubble films were not too dissimilar in style Italian neorealist films and they focused themselves on day to day life in war torn Germany and the initial reactions to the Nazi period.With the arrival of the 1960s German cinema reached an impasse, the growth in Cinema attendance that had been seen in the 50s ha d begun to stagnate and decline. By 1969 cinema attendance was at an all time low with an average of 172.2 million visits per year, 25% of the attendance peak seen in the previous decade. (Kinobesuche in Deutschland 1925 bis 2004) Thus the Oberhausen manifesto was created by a group of young up and coming filming makers who said The old film is dead, we believe in the new. the government responded to this mounting criticism by setting up the first film subsidy agency, the Kuratorium junger deutscher Film (Board of Young German Film). Launched in 1965 by the BMI, the Kuratorium was given a brief to advertise the kind of filmmaking demanded by the Oberhausen Manifesto signatories and to stimulate a renewal of the German film in a manner exclusively and directly beneficial to the companionship (quoted in Dawson 1981 16) (Knight 2004).The establishment Kuratorium helped create a batch of critically acclaimed films which appeared to be a renewal of German film such as Kluges Yesterday daughter which won the Special Jury Prize at the 1966 Venice Film Festival and a number of other awards this was the start of what was initially termed Young German Film and later became the New German Cinema. (Knight 2004)East GermanyEast Germany or the German Democratic Republic (GDR) initially benefited from the fact that the majority of Germanys film production theme was now located in Soviet controlled Berlin. Soviet administration was keen to get the film industry started again and moved quickly to do so, cinemas were re-opened honorable three weeks after the occupation began and the production company Deutsche Film-Aktiengesellschaft or DEFA was established in May 1946. DEFA became the centre of a centralized system of film production and by 1949 was totally under state control.Bertolt Brecht noted that Defa has all sorts of problems finding subjects, especially contemporary ones. Those at its head list significant themes underground movement, diffusion of land, two year plan, the new man etc., etc. then writers are supposed to devise stories that interpret them theme and its associated problems. This naturally often goes wrong (Allan and Stanford, 19996-7)This strong political control lead to a severe lack of scripts capable of being a driving force for pushing Soviet ideologies and as such DEFA had real difficulties in the early fifties only 30 films were released in the first four years (Allan and Stanford, 19997) After managements restructure and the exploitation of the climate of via media by Hans Rodenburg the later half of the fifties saw DEFA produce a variety of films on a number of different topics. Childrens films, science-fiction and red westerns were all genres that demonstrable in this period.With the dawn of the 1960s East German cinema moved away from the Stalinist approach to filmmaking and increasingly the films of the 1960s tackled subject matter that was both controversial and contemporary. (Allan and Stanford, 19996-7) but fil mmakers were still affected by the ever changing political stances if the SED (Socialist Unity Party of Germany) the whole slate of films from 1966 for example was pulled from distribution. The early seventies was ablaze with popular success and was one of the most successful times for DEFA with films like Frank Beyers Jakob, der Lgner which was the only DEFA film nominated for an Oscar. This success however alarmed the SED leadership and after sharp criticism of Ulrich Plenzdorf and the expatriatiation of Wolf Biermann another wave of filmmakers left Germany as a direct result of this and the harsh restrictions fixed upon them and their work.The 1980s were the beginning of the end for DEFA changing political stances of other countries was allowing films from nations such as Poland and Hungary to become easily available in East Germany not to acknowledgement increasing access to American television from West Germany. This combined with pressure from a new generation of directors t hat were displeased with opportunities with DEFA, fast and furious changes to internal government and the fall of the wall in 1989 saw the restrictions on filmmaking vanish along with the GDR as Germany reunified.Post Unification CinemaUnified Germany and the newly re-unified Europe created new problems and new opportunities. 1990s Germany was focused on merging two distinct ideologies, resulting in debates about what constitutes Germanness in the arenas of culturally, socially and politically. The film industry was of course affected by this the old state owned studios were privatised, DEFA was sold to a French conglomerate, an initial peak in cinema attendance in the early nineties known as the cinema of consensus and the privatisation of cinemas across Germany coupled with the availability of Hollywood films kept German cinema going and pushed forward the development of high budget entertainment films and so the industry began focusing on the now accessible transnational market s.Several developments and events contributed to the making of such a transnational cinema the fall of the wallthe influx of Eastern Europeans the establishment of the EU and the integration of Germany into the European labour market (Hake 2008216). With some German films gaining international success such as The acuteness of Heaven which premiered at the Cannes Film Festival.As the last decade of the 20th Century has shown, the future of German cinema will require more than the flawlessness of well-tested generic wine formulas and the creative contribution of a few talented directors. And as the first decade of the 21st Century has suggests, the survival of the influential filmic tradition will involve the elements that have characterized German cinema from the start. Now as then, this process requires a workable compromise between art film and popular cinema, generic tradition and formal innovation, political ideology and mass diversion, public interest and corporate profit, cu ltural heritage and cultural industry andbetween national, international and transnational individuation in a global media landscape. (Hake 2008221)In conclusion it is clear that German cinema has been affected by an ever changing political and economic settings where cultural and social ideologies are constantly changing and merging as influences both internal and external shaped the country, its people and its culture.

Torts and Negligence Case Study

Torts and Negligence Case StudySajesh MaharjanIntroductionAnna, a caf owner, went to the magic spell Honey Bee Nature Appreciation Tours operated by Trevor and had injured her knees afterward stumbling down the hill side. She got treatment in the hospital and fully rec everyplaceed in a month. Now Anna decides to enforce tort law against Trevor who is not unaccompanied the operator solely likewise the sole owner of the tour company for negligent set and seek 12 months earnings in lost income and correctional indemnity. In this regard, Anna is the plaintiff who has pained personal deformity and Trevor is the Defendant who will fuddle to compensate for damages to the plaintiff if proven guilty in the move. However, the burden of test copy lies with Anna and she must establish following three matters on the balance of probabilities that the Defendant owed Plaintiff the duty of take, the Defendant breached their duty of portion out and the Defendants actions stir caused the Plaintiff to suffer loss or damage. Trevor has contributory nonperformance as a part of the defence against Anna.Duty of CareThe issue is whether the Defendants conduct/actions could cause harms/ wounding to Plaintiff during the time of tour. In other words, Anna is require to prove that the personal injury suffered by her was evenhandedly foreseeable and was a result of the act(s) or omission(s) of the Trevor in set up to establish the duty of care.The neighbor principle laid out by Lord Atkin in Donoghue v Stevenson 1932 is dominantly used in testing whether the Defendant owed Plaintiff a duty of care. According to that principle, the Defendant is said to owe a duty to take undercoatable care of the Plaintiff w here the Defendant would cook reasonably foreseen the injury to the Plaintiff by the Defendants action or carelessness. Evidence of the duty of care is more easily recognized in cases involving established categories such as Parents and their children, employers a nd their employees, doctor and patients, teachers and students, manufacturers and consumers, etc. These established categories can be easily found in cases such as JD v East Berkshire Community NHS Trust and others 2005, Smoldon v Whitworth 1997 etc.Honey Bee Nature Appreciation Tours is solely owned and operated by Trevor. He takes upper limit of six people (paying trekkers) once per week on a six hour crack during daylight to in bird watching and similar activities. The established category of a Professional and their customers can be relevant to the case of Trevor and Anna since Trevor provides professional service of walking tours and bird-watching activities and Anna pays for that service. Moreover, it is reasonably foreseeable that his activities and carelessness have impacts on those who attend his walking tours and owe duty of reasonable care to the paying trekkers. This is supported by the case of Smoldon v Whitworth 1997 where facts were similar. Therefore, it is evident that Trevor had duty of care over Anna who attended the walking tour.BreachAfter duty of care has been well established, the next issue is whether the Defendant breached the duty of care over Plaintiff. Alternatively, the next step is to identify whether Trevors act(s) or omission(s) failed to meet the standard of care required by the law. A Defendant will be held liable for negligent conduct that falls below the legally accepted standard of care for the significantly foreseeable bumpiness of injury. It is stated in the s9 (1) of cultured Liability round 2003 (QLD) that a person is not said to have breached the duty to take precautions against the risk, unless the risk was foreseeable, the risk was not insignificant and a reasonable person in the similar position and circumstances of the Defendant would have taken precaution. parting 9 (2) of Civil Liability Act 2003 (QLD) lists out the factors that are taken into considerations for determining whether a reasonable person woul d have taken preventive measures against risk of injury which are as followsthe probability of occurrence of injury/harm without precautionthe in all likelihood seriousness of the injurythe burden of taking precautions to avoid the risk of injurythe social utility of the activity that cause the risk of injuryThese factors are applied in determining the standard of care that a reasonable person would have taken by balancing the first two factors against the second two. The risk of harm/injury is compared against the practicality of taking precautions to avoid the risks.Before the tour, Trevor advised the tour participants to wear sensible shoes and clothing and that all the walks are conducted during daylight. He similarly notified regarding several fall injuries in the past because of excursions during night time. He also mentions that the participants will be provided with the water and sandwiches during the trip. One of the important facts presented in the case is that he left the tour participants (trekkers) on their own during the break so as to scout for a new location. Moreover, he gets lost in his work and takes much longer that he expected which delayed the return trip and compelled to walk during dark.A reasonable person in Defendants position would not have left the participants unsupervised for such a long time. The facts do not accept whether Trevor instructed to the participants that the alcoholic beverages were allowed during the trip. However, a reasonable person would have clearly indicated whether the alcoholic beverages were allowed during the trip besides sensible shoes and clothing. Similarly, a reasonable person would have scouted new places before the trip. And if the reconnoiter has to be done during the trip, a reasonable person would have taken the note of time and wouldnt delay the return. The only thing which wasnt foreseeable for a reasonable person is that someone would change into high heel shoes in the middle of the trip dur ing bird observation. Therefore, it can be concluded that Trevor has breached his duty of care from the given facts. This is reinforced by the case of Vaughan v Menlove 1837 where the Defendant did not acted as a reasonable person would have. detrimentThe major concern here is whether the breach of duty by Trevor has caused injury to Anna. Anna has to demonstrate to the court that Trevors negligent action was the main cause, though not needfully the sole cause, of her damage. Section 11(1)(a) of Civil Liability Act 2003 (QLD)clearly states that the breach of duty was a unavoidable condition of the occurrence of the harm. This calls for the but for test which examines would the Plaintiff have suffered the damage but for the defendants negligence. In addition to the cause, Plaintiff is also required to prove that the damage incurred was within the scope of liability. Anna has to show that her injury was a foreseeable consequence of Trevors negligence.The question here is whether Trev ors negligent action of leaving the tour participants unsupervised during the break, scouting for new location without keeping track of time have caused the Anna to suffer injury. It is true that the Trevors negligent act has caused the Anna to incur personal injury. Firstly, had the Trevor not left the group unsupervised, he could have been able to find that Anna had brought wine for the trip and he could have taken actions which would avoid Anna to consume half the bottle of wine by herself. Secondly, if Trevor had kept track of time and while he went for scouting location, they could have made the return trip during daylight before sunset when the forest was not dark. Thirdly, Trevor knew that thither is risk of fall injuries during the trip made in night or when the forest is dark. Therefore, Trevors negligent act was the cause of Annas injury which is supported by the case of Strong v Woolworths Ltd 2012 and Annas personal injury was a reasonably foreseeable consequence of Trev ors negligence as in the case of Hughes v Lord Advocate 1963.DefenceAfter the Plaintiff has established the necessary duty, breach and damage, then the Defendant can institute any defences in order to reduce or eliminate their liability. The common defences are contributory negligence and voluntary assumption of risk. The issue regarding this case is whether Anna contributed to her loss/injury and voluntarily assumed the risk.For contributory negligence, it is mentioned in the s 23 (2) of Civil Liability Act 2003 (QLD) that the standard of care of the Plaintiff is that of reasonable person in the position of the Plaintiff and what the Plaintiff knew or ought reasonably to have known at that time. In this case, Anna drank half a bottle of wine during break and changes her runners into high heel shoes during the return walk. Anna had also offered the wine to other people who walked the tour but everyone refused. A reasonable person in Annas position would not intake alcoholic beverage s during walking tour and would not have changed their runners into high heel shoes. Moreover, when Anna got injured, she was under(a) the influence of alcohol. Section 47 of Civil Liability Act 2003 (QLD) states presumption of contributory negligence if the person who suffers harm is intoxicated. Therefore, Anna has definitely contributed towards her injury.Voluntary assumption of risk arises in cases of recreational sports/activities which involves obvious and inherent risk. It is stated in the case that the bush tracks used for walking tours of Bushland surrounding the Bunya Mountains are not particularly strenuous. Thus, there is no voluntary assumption of risk in this case.RemediesThe key concern at this point is whether the damages sought by the Plaintiff recoverable. The issue here is whether Annas claim for 12 months lost in income and penal damages for Trevors negligence are fully recoverable.Section 52 of Civil Liability Act 2003 (QLD) explains that a court cannot award punitive damage in relation to personal injury damages unless the act that caused personal injury was unlawful intentional act to cause personal injury or an unlawful sexual assault or misconduct. Similarly, it is mentioned in s 54 of CLA 2003 (QLD) that the maximum award a court may make is for an amount equal to the present value of 3 times average weekly earnings per week for each week of the stay of loss of earnings. Moreover, according to the s 24 of Civil Liability Act 2003 (QLD),In deciding the extent of a reduction in damages by reason of contributory negligence, a court may decide a reduction of 100% if the court considers it just and equitable to do so, with the result that the claim for damages is defeated.We are provided with the facts that Anna is transported to the hospital and recovered fully in a month. Despite full recovery from the injury, Anna closed her caf and decides to claim for 12 months in lost income and punitive damages. The facts presented in the case an d the prevailing legislation suggest that she would not be awarded for punitive damages since Trevor had no intention of causing damage/harm to Anna. Moreover, she would also not be getting her claim of 12 months earnings since she fully recovered in a month and a court could provide a maximum award of 3 times average weekly earnings per week for the period of loss of earnings. Therefore, she may be entitled to benefit of maximum of 3 months earnings with reduction up to 100% because of her high contributory negligence.ConclusionFinally, it can be concluded that Trevor had a duty of care over Anna, breached his duty of care and caused serious knee injury to the Anna. After being fully recovered in a month, Anna decides to close down the caf and sue Trevor. Anna is likely to be awarded with 1months earnings or even less for lost income because of her high contributory negligence.ReferencesLegislationCivil Liability Act2003 (QLD) Section 9(1)Civil Liability Act2003 (QLD) Section 9(2)C ivil Liability Act2003 (QLD) Section 11(1) (a)Civil Liability Act2003 (QLD) Section 23(2)Civil Liability Act2003 (QLD) Section 24Civil Liability Act2003 (QLD) Section 47Civil Liability Act2003 (QLD) Section 52Civil Liability Act2003 (QLD) Section 54CasesDonoghue v Stevenson 1932 AC 562JD v East Berkshire Community NHS Trust and others 2005 2 WLR 993Smoldon v Whitworth 1997PIQR P133, CAStrong v Woolworths Ltd 2012 HCA 5Hughes v Lord Advocate 1963 AC 837Vaughan v Menlove 1837 132 ER 490 (CP)

The Role of Women in Chinese Culture Essay -- World Cultures

The Role of Women in Chinese CultureIn traditional Chinese culture, women were inferior to men. They were not allowed to eviscerate any decisions concerning their families. Their alone purpose in life was to stay home and take care of the households. A womans duties are to cook the five grains, heat the wine, look after her parents-in-law, make clothes, and thats all ...she must follow the three submissions. When she is young, she must submit to her parents. After her marriage, she must submit to her husband. When she is widowed, she must submit to her son. These are the rules of propriety. (The Mother Of Mencius, p.34) Thats the principle that was followed in traditional China. Some of the examples of this are argueed in this essay.Young girls were taught to be good housewives and good mothers they had to submit to their fathers. Children were not allowed to disagree with the fathers. However, if a son had an opinion, he was allowed to discuss it with the father and daughters wer e not able to do so. Young women were not able to choose their husbands the parents set it...

Crusades Essay -- essays research papers

In the year of 1095, Pope Urban II started what we know as the sanctified Wars or the Crusades. Over the period from 1095-1464, a series of military expeditions were fought to take back the beatified Land, Jerusalem, from the Seljuk Turks. There were eight crusades, which were spurred for many different reasons by many different people that left a lasting effect to the world. These years of bloodshed were led by men of power to gain ensure over the Holy Land of Jerusalem. Jerusalem was extremely important to the Muslims and Christians at this time. Many religious events had happened there, and many of the landmarks of both religions were located in Jerusalem. The Crusaders failed to regain the Holy Land, but the Eastern connections opened Europe to a brighter understanding of optimistic ways of living and thinking.There have been many arguments as to what fuelled the Crusades, and religious warmth is one of them. Jerusalem is a holy city to both the Muslims and the Christians b ecause many historic religious events have taken place there. In Jerusalem there is the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which stands of the hill where Christ was believed to have been crucified, died, buried, and where he rose again. Now if Jerusalem was so important to both the Muslims and Christians of course they would fight to throw it or gain control of it. Pope Urban II called for the first crusade to free the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks that took over in 1070. In his speech he said, Seize the land ...