Enzymes-Amylase and Starch Essay Example

Enzymes Enzymes-Amylase and Starch Paper Enzymes-Amylase and Starch Paper Mechanical digestion, for example the tounge, is used to break the large food particles down so that they are easier to swallow. Once the food has be taken down into the stomach, some more Mechanical digestion takes place but this is helped by Chemical Digestion. Enzymes are there to help break the molecules down. They are Catalysts, which is a chemical that is added to speed up reactions, but remain unchanged by the process. Every Enzyme has a purpose and a special reaction that is involved in the process. Enzmes control chemical reactions inside all living things. Each of the main food groups have an enzyme that breaks it down. Enzymes have 5 properties that are always the same: * They are always proteins * They are specific in their action * They are destroyed by a rise in temperature * They are sensitive to pH * They can be used over and over again Working best at a neutral pH value and at the bodies temperature, a rise above 50 degrees celsius changes the shape of an enzyme and they can no longer work. In my experiment Amylase is the enzyme, which is made in the salivary gland and released in the mouth. The starch is the food which the amylase will act on, this is called the substrate. The product that will be formed is glucose. I am looking to see how long it takes for the starch to be digested by the amylase to make glucose. I will use Iodine to test to see if starch is present. When added to the solution, if it turns black/blue-then starch is present, if it is orange-then there is no starch. Prediction: My prediction is that the enzymes will work fastest at body temperature, (37 degrees celsius), so therefore the starch will turn into glucose the quickest at this point. I do not think that there will be any reaction after the temperature reaches 50 degrees celcius. Apparatus: * Dimple tray * Pipettes * Stopwatch * Amylase * Starch * Water * Test Tube * Beaker * Test tube rack * Kettle Method: 1. Set up the experiment as shown in the diagram. 2. Then test to see what the room temperature is. 3. Add 25ml of amylase to 25ml of starch and place in an empty clean test tube which i placed inside an empty beaker. 4. I then briefly stirred the mixture and placed 2 drops of the solution into 1 dimple, and added 1 drop of iodine. 5. After a minute, which I timed using a stopwatch, I added another 2 drops of the solution and 1 drop of the iodine into another dimple. I continued this process until the solution turned orange. 6. I then changed the temperature of the solution by adding heated water in the beaker to heat the mixture. I repeated the entire experiment at many different temperatures. Conclusion: I have found out that temperature affects the speed at which amylase digests starch into glucose. At freezing point (0 degrees celsius), after 40 mins there was absoloutly no change and this was the same for boiling point (100 degrees celcius). The temperature at which glucose should normally change into glucose the quickest is body temperature (37 degrees celcius), but it average at the fastest time at 22 degrees celsius, room temperature. My prediction for this experiment was partly correct. I predicted that there would be no reaction at 0 degrees and 100 degrees celsius and I was correct. I was wrong though, by predicting that it would react quickest at body temperature, it was quickest at room temperature. I think that this was because the amylase was artificially created at room temperature. Evaluatiuon: I think the experiment was overall a sucess. I recieved the results that I needed although they were not what I expected. There were a few problems which I encountered during the experiment. On of which was that the amylase was artificially made at room temperature and therefore room temperature was its most comfortable state. The dimple trays were also a problem as they were made of plastic. The plastic can sometimes contaminate the solutions whereas porcelain or china doesnt do as easily. The final problem was that the experiment was continued at different time periods during the day. This meant that the temperature in the room would have been different during periods of the experiment. If the experiment was done again but this time taking all the points made above into consideration, the experiment would finish with a more accurate set of results. I made sure that the testing was made fair by using the same amount of mixture for each dimple and by keeping the water level around the test tube at the same level. The time between each new addition of solution to a dimple was kept the same, 1 minute intervals.

Arrowheads and Other Prehistoric Hunter Tools

Arrowheads and Other Prehistoric Hunter Tools Arrowheads are the most easily identified type of archaeological artifact. Most people in the world recognize an arrowhead when they see one: It is a stone object which has been deliberately reshaped to be pointy on one end. Whether theyve personally collected them from nearby farmlands, seen them in museum displays, or just watched them being shot into people in old western movies, most people know the triangular tips of arrow shafts called arrowheads are the remnants of a prehistoric hunting trip, the spent shotgun shells of the past. But why do archaeologists insist on calling them projectile points?   Arrowheads versus Projectile Points Archaeologists typically call what regular people call arrowheads projectile points, not because it sounds more academic, but because the shape of a pointy stone does not necessarily categorize it as something that was used at the end of an arrow shaft. Projectile is more inclusive than arrow. Also, in our long human history, we have used a wide variety of materials to put sharp points on the ends of projectiles, including stone, wood, bone, antler, copper, plant parts, and other raw material types : Sometimes we just sharpened the end of a stick. The purposes of projectile points have always been both hunting and warfare, but the technology has varied a great deal over the ages. The technology that made the first stone points possible was invented by our distant ancestor Homo erectus in Africa during the later Acheulean period, circa 400,000–200,000 years ago. This technology involved knocking bits of stone off a hunk of rock to create a sharp point. Archaeologists call this early version of stone-making the Levallois technique or Levalloisian flaking industry. Middle Stone Age Innovations: Spear Points During the Mousterian period of the Middle Paleolithic beginning around 166,000 years ago, Levalloisian flake tools were refined by our Neanderthal cousins and became quite numerous. It is during this period that stone tools were probably first attached to spears. Spear points, then, are projectile points that were attached to the end of a long shaft  and used to help hunt big mammals for food, either by hurling the spear at the animal  or by thrusting it into the animal at close range. Solutrean Hunter-Gatherers: Dart Points A great leap in hunting technology was made by Homo sapiens and occurred during the Solutrean part of the Upper Paleolithic period, about 21,000 to 17,000 years ago. Known for great artistry in stone point production (including the delicate but effective willow leaf point), the Solutrean people are also probably responsible for the introduction of the atlatl or throwing stick. The atlatl is a sophisticated combination tool, formed out of a short dart shaft with a point socketed into a longer shaft. A leather strap hooked at the far end allowed the hunter to fling the atlatl over her shoulder, the pointed dart flying off in a deadly and accurate manner, from a safe distance. The sharp end of an atlatl is called a dart point. By the way, the word atlatl (pronounced either at-ul at-ul or aht-lah-tul) is the Aztec word for the throwing stick; when Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes landed on the eastern shore of Mexico in the 16th century CE he was greeted by atlatl-wielding individuals. True Arrowheads: The Invention of the Bow and Arrow The bow and arrow, a rather more familiar technological innovation to fans of John Wayne movies, also dates at least to the Upper Paleolithic, but it likely predates atlatls. The earliest evidence is 65,000 years old. Archaeologists usually call these arrow points, when they recognize them. All three types of hunting, the spear, the atlatl, and the bow and arrow, are used today by sportsmen around the world, practicing what our ancestors used on a daily basis. Sources Angelbeck, Bill, and Ian Cameron. The Faustian Bargain of Technological Change: Evaluating the Socioeconomic Effects of the Bow and Arrow Transition in the Coast Salish Past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36 (2014): 93–109. Print.Erlandson, Jon, Jack Watts, and Nicholas Jew. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 162–69. Print.Grund, Brigid Sky. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities. American Anthropologist 119.1 (2017): 104–19. Print.Maschner, Herbert, and Owen K. Mason. The Bow and Arrow in Northern North America. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22.3 (2013): 133–38. Print.Vanpool, Todd L., and Michael J. OBrien. Sociopolitical Complexity and the Bow and Arrow in the American Southwest. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Revi ews 22.3 (2013): 111–17. Print. Whittaker, John C. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Eds. Iovita, Radu and Katsuhiro Sano. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. 65–74. Print.

How the Associated Press News influences US and how they are playing a Research Paper

How the Associated Press News influences US and how they are playing a role in the Globalized World - Research Paper Example Various organizations participate and have actually influenced how globalization impacts various parties. The media as an industry has been a key player in the transfer of information from one part of the world to another or the rest of the world. The Associated Press is one organization that enjoys international presence with a remarkable resource and customer base to its advantage in fulfilling its mission. This paper will focus on analyzing how the Associated Press News influences the United States of America and how the organization impacts the globalized world. Historical Background and Operating Logistics of the Associated Press The Associated Press (AP), formally New York Associated Press (NYAP), is a news agency that is owned and mainly operated by Americans, established in 1846. The organization was formed by five individual dailies based in New York with an aim of sharing the costs associated with transmitting news. The five daily newspapers that founded AP include New York Sun (the actual originator of the idea), the Express, the Herald, Journal of Commerce, and Courier and Enquirer. Other dailies that joined the five with time included the Tribune (1849) and The New York Times (1851). At the time of its establishment, AP needed to transmit news of the Mexican War, and this was supposed to be accomplished by the use of telegraph, boat and horse express services. In a Supreme Court case, in 1900, involving the Associated Press and Inter Ocean Publishing Company, it was ruled that the former was a public utility that was operating in trade restraint, a factor that led the organization to shift its base to New York from Chicago. This reason for the shift was because corporation laws in New York better favored cooperative organizations. Under the leadership of Melville Stone, the organization’s standards included impartiality, integrity and accuracy. Later, Kent Cooper came to establish news bureaus in the Middle East, South America and Europe. St one oversaw the introduction of the telegraph typewriter in newsrooms. The organization later started using the Wirephoto network that made it possible to transmit photographs within 24 hours from the time they were taken via telephone lines. In 1945, AP began broadcasting its news by distributing them to established radio stations. In 1974, the organization established a radio network for itself. Later in 1994, the organization started using APTV, an agency that worked at gathering global news on video. The organization saw the formation of APTN whose aim was to provide video to websites and international broadcasters. AP has managed to diversify its capabilities to an extent that in 2007 alone, its revenues from US newspapers only accounted for about 30% of its total earnings. In the same year, 18% of the organizations revenues were derived from photography and international newspapers, 15% from internet related ventures and 37% from global broadcast activities. According to the n ews agency, AP is a non-profit organization that is owned by 1500 United States daily newspaper members (Associated Press, 2011). The Associated Press has an admirable resource base, mainly in the form of news articles and features. No wonder its news has previously been published or republished by over 5000 radio and TV broadcasters and

Discrimination of women in wisconson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discrimination of women in wisconson - Essay Example This is the case in Wisconsin, where equal pay law was repealed. Women were the most affected by the move. Amid this, wage discrimination can be used to for the purpose of employee rewarding. Performing employees in the workplace can be awarded higher pay for their efforts, over and above the set discriminatory wage rate. On the other hand, wage discrimination against women can result in mixed impacts in the society and in the economy in general. To the employers, wage discrimination against women or any other group could provide a favorable ground for the exploitation of workers. For employees, this type of discrimination threatens their social welfare and economic security (Grana 183). Finally, the society can plunge into an affirmative action crisis if the situation fails to be harmonized for the interests of all parties involved. Women and children, especially low and middle income earners, are likely to be the most affected due to the social and economic uncertainties that wage discrimination

Patents And Trademarks Essay Example for Free

Patents And Trademarks Essay 1. What are the types of patents? There are basically three (3) types of patents that an individual can apply for.   The first type is called the Utility Patent.   This type of patent is given to any person who is able to invent or discover any novel and useful process, machine, and manufactured article or matter composition.   It also includes any new and useful improvement of such.   The second type of patent is the design patent.   This patent is given to anyone who is able to create an original and novel ornamental design for any manufactured article.    The third type of patent is the plant patent, which is given to anyone who invents or discovers any distinct new variety of plant. 2. How long does the patent review process take? The patent review process is handled by the United States Patent and Trademark Office.   It is tasked with the review and examination of patent applications.   It usually takes a period of 18 months from the time of filing before the patent is approved.   There is also an accelerated patent application examination process that allows the USPTO to advance an application due to special reasons and circumstances. 3. What is the so-called Madrid Protocol concerning the international registration of marks? The Madrid Agreement and Protocol is a procedure by which any state that is a party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property may invoke the international protection that is given to the patent.   Trademark and patent owners may now avail of international protection over their intellectual property rights without the need for filing a separate application in a foreign country.   Being a signatory to any of the agreements entitles the citizens of the signatory country to seek the intellectual property protection of any of the party states to the agreement.

Indian Culture And How It Translates to America Essay -- Culture

India is a captivating country full of humble traditions, lively festivals, and honest beliefs. With over 2 billion people, India has a vast array of religions and languages with Hindi being the most popular. The Hindu culture is a culture of love, respect, honoring others and humbling one's own ego so that the inner nature, which is naturally pure and modest, will shine forth (Mailerindia Infotek Limited). Hindi is a kind and peaceful religion. It is only fitting to combine a temperate religion with a humble society of people. Indians were raised to treat their elders with respect and to always be humble to guests. Strangers will great you with the utmost benevolence and friends will invite you into their home and make sure you are treated like royalty. However, once families have decided to immigrate to America, these traditions and customs can become endangered. People of all different religions and races find that America is the best place to immigrate to so they can earn a better education and more money for their hard work. Indians are among the most educated and wealthiest subgroups in America so most don’t have a hard time finding jobs and earning good pay. In a study of the impact of emigration from India, Mihir Desai of Harvard University found that 1 million Indians lived in the United States in 2001 (Gerdes 14). Since 2001, there have been reports that this number has more than doubled though still the majority of all Indians practice Hinduism. Hinduism is the practice of worshipers who continuously strive to be liberated from evil spirits while practicing the worship of deities. Hinduism refers to a vast array of religious movements. Unlike religions â€Å"of the book,† there is no single authoritative text and no re... ... Immigrant Soul.† Writing On The River, Ed. Jessica Portz. Second Edition Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2009. 112. The quote that I chose from this story helped me to prove that all morals and beliefs are endangered when you move into a different environment that you aren’t use to. Rishi. â€Å"The Meaning Of Culture.† Mailerindia.com. Mailerindia Infotek Limited. MAILERINDIA.COM. , n.d., 2 April 2012. . This website gave me a really good quote to use in my essay pertaining to the genuine nature of the Hindi culture. Williams, Amy and DePaul, Amy. â€Å"The Rise Of Arranged Marriage In America.† AlterNet. n.p. 9 August 2008. Web. 3 April 2012. â€Å"The Rise Of Arranged Marriage In America† was an interesting article in which I obtained valid points on how arranged marriages can be beneficial within specific cultures.

Male Dominance in Marriage Essay

The main female characters in Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour and Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper similarly provide the concept of male dominance in a traditional marriage. This is achieved through the vivid description of both Mrs. Mallard and the narrator’s emotional burdens as they fulfill their obligations as their husbands’ wives. Albeit not directly stated in any of the two stories, the very situations of the wives in the hands of their husbands already show the negative effects of male dominance in the emotional well-being of women in marriages. Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour may have started to establish the personality of Mrs. Mallard as a sensitive woman who dearly loves her husband. Gradually, Chopin reveals an ambiguity in the feelings of the character as she describes Mrs. Mallard that, â€Å"When she abandoned herself a little whispered word escaped her slightly parted lips. She said it over and over under her breath: ‘free, free, free! ’† (Chopin, ). Gradually, readers are given a wider view of how Mrs. Mallard feelings are becoming. â€Å"There would be no powerful will bending hers in that blind persistence with which men and women believe they have a right to impose a private will upon a fellow-creature† (Chopin, ). However, in the end, readers are implicitly informed that the cause of Mrs. Mallard’s death is due to the realization that her husband is actually alive. â€Å"When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease –of the joy that kills† (Chopin, ). The last statement gives out the message that the joy upon seeing her husband alive is not actually the reason for her death but rather because of the freedom that has been lost when he appeared at their doorstep. In this story, the Mrs. Mallard secretly endures a miserable life with her husband which can be blamed on women’s domesticity. After a moment of grief, she becomes glad that she is finally free from the demanding grasps of her husband. The pressures and demands brought about by the society’s claim that women’s role are merely for domestic purposes pushes Mrs. Mallard into being grateful for her husband’s death. This is, of course, a wrongful act however it is triggered by the character’s desire for liberation. Mrs. Mallard’s suppressed desire for liberation somewhat mirrors that of the narrator’s in Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper. The problem of male dominance in a marriage can also be observed as the writer uncovers the mental and emotional effects of male dominance and social pressure to women. It is a story about the wickedness of confinement—literally and psychologically. In the story, the narrator’s husband locks her inside a room with yellow wallpaper because he believes that she would be cured of her post-partum depression due to recently giving birth. He thinks he could cure her by means of rest cure treatment. This symbolizes the very prison that the husband made for his wife when he married her. As a result, the wife resorts and depends on the images that the yellow wallpaper provides her. She begins to see images crawling and creeping inside it and starts hallucinating, thus, worsening the mental state of the wife. The story is an entire symbolism of women being manipulated fully by men. The husband’s way of taking charge of his wife’s mental health signifies the concept of male domination in the story. â€Å"If a physician of high standing, and one’s own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression—a slight hysterical tendency—what is one to do? † (Gilman, ). The narrator’s question reveals the powerlessness of a woman in her society if a â€Å"physician of higher standing† whom she refers as a man has already made a conclusion and solution against her will. In a thorough analysis, the husband symbolizes the patriarchal ascendancy that restricts women’s lives. They are expected to always follow and obey their husbands and fathers as they are believed to know the best for everyone. In Kate Chopin’s The Story of an Hour, readers are exposed to the concept of a wife trying to bear the news of her husband’s death and the ambiguity of her feelings towards it. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s The Yellow Wallpaper, the author presents the ongoing problem of male dominance over females. Nonetheless, both stories deal with how husbands usually hold the authority in a household and the extremity of such authority can lead to esteem and emotional problems for women. Works Cited Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour. † Literature and Society: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, Drama, Nonfiction. Eds. Pamela J. Annas and Robert C. Rosen. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2009. pp. 358. Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper. † Literature and society: an introduction to fiction, poetry, drama, nonfiction Eds. Pamela J. Annas and Robert C. Rosen. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2009. pp. 307

Care Connect Commit

Care Commit Connect Introduction Problem Statement In the united States of America, people have access to best oral care. There are standards and protocols imposed on dental business. Yet, millions of people in America do not get basic dental care or they end up getting over treatment. Private equity firms own most of the dental businesses. Dental business is one of the most profitable businesses. Dental business owners are top 1% earners In united States. Management puts a lot of pressure on dentists to produce more.The primary goal for management and dentists has become finding loopholes with insurance and aximizing production. unnecessary and over-treatment have become a common practice. Dental treatment Is expensive. We serve a low income area and most patients cannot afford it. We have been providing dental services over 30 years. We are in the health care business, and we need to ask ourselves, are we doing justice with the profession? Are we responsible if patients do not rece ive proper care? what should we do when the patient cannot afford the treatment?How much should we trust patient's finances? Outcome and Performance Currently, staff and doctors get paid based on office production. Indirectly we are encouraging staff and dentists to base patient care on production. Patient care should be the company number one priority. Patients are not comfortable to visit a dental office. One of the main reasons Is the cost and overtreatment. We are not a non-for-proflt organization. We have to balance between patient care and business. Ideally no patient should leave the practice untreated for any reason.We need to set an example to other business by exercising a morally correct approach and still be 1 OF3 good business name. We need to work on the company philosophy and take it to the ext level and have a global outcome. We sell happiness by enhancing people's smiles. Structure In order to do Justice with the profession everyone needs to understand the need of i t. What exactly are we doing wrong? Where is this leading the society? We should be ready for a change. There will be a lot of changes in the organization.We can implement the proposed solution conveniently step by step. We adhere to the dental code of ethics. We do not do wrong treatments or do over billing. The professional dental code of ethics does not define moral ethics. We need to create a code of ethics ased on the company philosophy. Moral ethics differ from culture to culture. First, we need to incorporate moral virtue. We can achieve this by offering classes and making it mandatory for everyone and we can offer CE credits. Second, we should change the compensation structure for everyone.The compensation should be based on salary rather than commission. The performance evaluation should be based on the number of patients seen and patient satisfaction. Patient charts should be audited every day. We should present an affordable treatment plan to every patient we see. The tre atment plan should not address Just the patient's chief complain, rather it should provide a complete solution. Patient care should not be an option; it should be mandatory. Third, we should advertise the company moral philosophy to attract more patients. We can offer free patient consultation.We should have a sliding fee structure for patients who cannot afford expensive dental treatments. Emphasis should be put on patient education; we can set up camps and school visits and take part in the local community affairs. Finally, we should change company hiring policy. We should make community experience a requirement for any position. Representation of Data The success of the project can be measured through conducting surveys. Every patient should be encouraged to fill out a survey. Currently, we have approximately 10,000 active patients.Every month we should discuss the practice analysis report. We should do a comparison with last year's data. When we offer free patient consultation w e might be losing some revenue, but there should be a significant increase in comprehensive dental procedure revenue. Overall revenue should increase. When we start seeing more patients, company expense will not increase we can compare previous year's expense sheet with current. We should have 360 feedback forms every three months, in which every employee should be able appraise other employees.Every patient referral report should be analyzed periodically. We should be able to see the difference in patient count through word of mouth. Methodology and Findings Theoretical and Empirical Evidence Providing health care is a noble profession. Oral health is an essential part of overall health. Dentists are doctors who help patients maintain their oral health. In the United States of America, the healthcare business is one of the most profitable businesses. Government cuts of benefits for adult patients make it difficult for patients with low income to maintain their oral health.There are remarkably few dentists to provide comprehensive treatment to patients. Every profession comes with responsibilities. Dentists that chose dentistry as a profession should provide complete care for patients and should be held responsible. It comes down to moral virtues of a dentist to provide a complete solution to patients based on their financial ituation which might be compensating fewer. This cannot be taught to a person they have to be caring habitually. It is necessary for a dentist to be morally right in order to care, commit and connect toa patient.We have to take ownership and responsibility to make the society morally correct. We will have a good name for business. We have to become a role model for the society. This solution will help us attract more patients by providing honest, comprehensive and less expensive treatments. We can approach Federally Qualified Health centers, in order to provide omprehensive services irrespective of the patient's ability to pay. Some denta l offices are integrating with Federal Qualified Health Centers, a few dentists set up dental camps with free consultation periodically and try to educate patients.Many solo practitioners have lowered their fees to be able to see patients with low income. Many offices have tried reducing expense in order to able to see patients at low cost. Comparison with Other Methods Some of the other alternate solutions could be integrating with federally qualified health centers which will take a lot of time, allocating budget every year for delivering ree treatment to qualified patients, performing mobile dentistry with proposed companies approach and starting in-house insurance programs.Conclusion and Recommendations Limit and Scope of System We can implement the proposed solution at one location; within one, year we should be able to see the difference in the company's financial report. We have to take ownership and Judge the patient's honesty. Maximizing the location's capacity will increas e revenue and we should be able to cover the cost. References Heath, D. , Rosenbaum, J. (2012, June 26). The business behind dental treatment for America's poorest kids. The Center for Public Integrity.

Debt Sustainability and Fiscal Policy Rescuing the Rescuers

Debt Sustainability and Fiscal Policy Rescuing the Rescuers Introduction The financial crisis experienced in the period between 2007 and 2008 was a great shock and strain to most of the economies. This financial crisis occurred as a result of the various economies possessing a lot of fictitious wealth such as the wealth gained from excessive borrowing from international bodies so as to try and bridge the gap between excessive spending by governments and firms, which result to very high budgets, and the available financial resources for the governments and the firms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Debt Sustainability and Fiscal Policy: Rescuing the Rescuers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The great difference between the available financial resources and the high budgets resulted to a large deficit of finances for fitting into the budget, forcing the governments and firms to lump into a state of excessive borrowing, a factor that has left most of them, especially the large c ountries, in great debts (Reinhart Rogoff 2008). The global economy, especially the economy of the UK, was seemingly very stable before the year 2007 as all the financial undertakings of different economies seemingly thrived fairly. This was not really the case since the UK always got into a state where its budget was higher than the available financial resources and there was always a deficit in the amount required in the budget. Since there were a lot of national and international financial institutions willing to help the government out of the crisis it was facing due to the deficits, the government always found itself borrowing for the sake of bridging the gap brought in by the deficits. This continued for a long time and each time, the government made its budget in a manner that gave provision for inclusion of borrowed money for meeting its budget. This forced the government into a state of great debts and inflated budgets as its budget included repayments of the borrowed mone y and its interest rates. This further resulted to a state of increased deficits in the budgets resulting to more borrowing. In the long-run, the nation found itself so enormously tied up in debts in a manner it could not help itself out. In the same way, the government seemed to have a lot of wealth within its possession but when compared to its debt burdens, it actually had very little to be counted as government wealth. This situation continued and reached its climax at the period between 2007 and 2008 (Wolfe 2010). Towards the end of 2008, the state had experienced a lot of financial crisis as a result of the high debt burdens and this had recessive effects on the economy. There was increased budget expenditure yet very few financial resources for the governments, a state that forced the governments into more borrowing and hence a presence of fictitious wealth in their economies since much of the wealth was equivalent to the debt burdens the governments were in.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This way, the government experienced a gradual effect of the financial crisis since they ended up borrowing too much and not being able to repay the debts resulting into recession which got to its climax towards the end of 2008 when the financial position of most of the economies was the lowest. The recession had very adverse effects on the economies and the societies at large as it resulted to increased prices of goods and services, low unemployment rates as well as high interest rates (Porter 1990). With the financial crisis being experienced then, there was a greater threat of a possible depression occurring in the global economy, an event that could have been disastrous for all the involved economies and for the global economy at large. There was a need for the governments to take action and reverse the effects of the financial crisis hence avoi ding an instance of a depression occurring. In this way, the governments joined hand and got well coordinated in taking action against that event. With proper coordination, the involved governments were able to overcome the effects of the financial crisis and to save the world from a possible disaster that could have had very severe effects on every economy and even every business in the affected areas and in the world at large (Wennekers Thurik 1999). Governments are the problem of a possible new crises Sovereign debt crisis is the constraint experienced by many different countries and organizations that are tied up in heavy debts borrowed for the sake of bridging the gap between the available financial resources for meeting the budget and the actual high amount required to meet the requirements of the budget. In efforts to try and maintain progress for their countries, governments have found themselves so ties up in great debts that further inflated the amount required in the bud gets due to increased interest rates that have to be budgeted for and which end up placing the countries in a vicious cycle of being in debts. Increased debt burden usually forces the governments to be in a state in which it cannot be able to pay the debts and has to rely on international policies to help it out of the debts. This is one of the main problems that have resulted to various instances of financial crisis in most of the countries and even globally in most of the economies (Alesina Ardagna 2008). Recent studies have shown those economic crises encountered in most countries are a result of different reasons ranging from beliefs, culture and social influences. This influences result to negative financial crisis. People are also made to believe that credit or debt is inevitable for any financial growth, so people get a lot of loans which accumulate over the years. These debts have to be paid regardless of the duration of time they will take before they are cleared (Kelly A mburgey 1991).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Debt Sustainability and Fiscal Policy: Rescuing the Rescuers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More International economic crisis study shows that currencies may even crash or bring about banking crisis and inflation. This affects the prices of goods, trade, exchange rates of currencies, interest rates on goods purchased on credit or on loans And local debt. Investors have now almost relied on credits from foreign currency instead of relying on local or domestic borrowing. This can leads to increased interests on borrowers (Davidsson 1995). War is also another major cause of economic crisis. This is because it causes economic, social instability of a country. People in these regions cannot be able to do business or trade because of insecurity .transport and communication breakdown can also be encountered in war hit regions or countries which can affect the economy of any stat e (Herbert Link 1982). Countries that are reliant on trade, tourism, can be easily be hit by a crisis when external or internal war is experienced in the country .examples of this is during the second world war when countries were badly hit by crisis (Webster 1994). Global financial crisis also show that it has weakened the banking sector in a big way, especially in third world countries .though, still in developed countries, debt is a much bigger problem. The rate or the percentage of GDP is relatively low on developing countries than on developed countries. This reduces the risks on developing countries (Alesina and Ardagna 2008). The Need to Reduce Deficits and Debts and the Issue of Debt Sustainability The government inter-temporal budget constraint is the constraint experienced by a government due to the presence of debts within its economic setup resulting from currently borrower financial support used to meet the deficits within its budget and the debts inherited from past g overnments, especially in form of repayment of the debts. This and the fact that the government always has a lot of spending to do causes that government to always seek for more financial aid so as to meet its requirements and its budget further plunging it into a state of more debts (Alesina Ardagna 2008). Deficit in the budget is the amount of finances that is less that the required amount so as to meet the full budget. It is the difference between the available financial resources, which usually are never enough, and the actual amount required so as to meet the full budget for the government.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are different types of deficits, primary deficit, structural deficit and cyclical deficit. Primary deficit is the difference that occurs between the current expenses and the total current revenue from all types of taxes for the government. On the other side, structural deficit are the deficits that remain across the business trade process (Coviello Jones 2004). The only way the country can resolve this problem is by improving the institutional set up. This process may require time and effort but can be solved. If possible, the country should also reduce the amounts of debts from foreign debtors (Sproul 1995). Borrowing can also be made safer by avoiding excessive borrowing. This is a major way that can reduce the risks of debt crisis. Having strategies and concrete plans before borrowing can help to reduce over borrowing which leads to mismanagement of funds and unnecessary budgets. Finances should always be used for projects that will generate income or returns which can be able to pay the interests and make profits making this borrowing reasonable if it can be able to pay the loan (Alvarez and Busenitz 2001). If the country is borrowing from abroad or from international bodies, it should consider whether the projects that they want to fund have higher social return than the interest of the fund. Also, it should consider whether the project will be able to generate the amount of foreign currency able to service the debt considering the time deadline or scheduled contract time. The country can reduce the risks of debt crisis by ensuring regular monitoring of account surpluses. Proper money regulation and balancing or budgets can be of great help in reducing debt crisis in any developing country. A country may opt to cut off international or domestic debt market (Burda Wyplosz 1997). It is the government’s obligation to curb debts and deficit in order to avoid economic crisis in the country. This can also help in stabilizing the economy of a coun try and avoiding risks of excessive borrowing (Covin Slevin 1989). Due to various factors facing the country such as unbalanced demographic characteristics resulting to high unemployment and overdependence on the employed, low incomes, low GDP and high expenditure for individuals and the government, the government has continuously experienced a deficit in its budgets since its revenues are always way below their expenditures and their plans for the fulfillment of their goals and objectives for a financial year in their countries (Verheul et al. 2002). More important to note is that the government has a lot of financial challenges facing it such as high poverty indices and low development and hence is always trying to improve the financial positions of its citizens and the nation and to encourage the course of achievement of development and in this way, it always end up with a greater need to spend more than its revenue and all their financial resources can cover (Murphy Hill 1996) . This way, it ends up with a budget that is way too high compared to its financial capabilities and hence it always end up depending on borrowing from international bodies such as the World Bank, the IMF and the developed countries so as to try bridge the gap between its needs and its capabilities (Porter 1990). The only problem with the over-dependence that has been noted in countries on financial borrowing is that it lenders the borrowers into a continuous state of being in debts as they always owe their lenders more than they can be able to pay at any one given time (Reinhart and Rogoff 2008). Due to this problem of being in a continuous state of debts, there is a need for the government to address the issue of debts and formulate strategies that will ensure that the current debts are reduced as well as establishing ways of reducing the deficits present in the budgets. The reduction of deficits can be achieved through increasing the sources of revenue, reducing expenditure throu gh prioritization and even seeking for other sources of funding such as the private sectors within the nation instead of seeking for external aid which is costly (Wolfe 2010). The reduction of the deficits in the budgets will help reduce the rate of borrowing and in return help curb the instances of debts for the country as well as the problem of debt sustainability (Smallbone Welter 2001). Appropriateness of a Sharp Structural Fiscal Tightening Many governments in the developed and developing countries have been experiencing a great financial crisis due to the overall effects of the global financial crisis and various other global factors. The most affected countries are the developing countries which have been plunged into alarming instances of overwhelming debts that have very serious effects on their financial positions currently and in the future (Saunders 1994). All the countries, on the other side, have been faced with a situation in which they are unable to implement their policies and face a great public outcry as a result (Webster 1994). In these hard situations, many the governments has been left with no choice rather than establishing strategies to try and curb the instances of the financial crisis in the country. This way, the government has formulated and implemented sharp structural fiscal tightening strategies aimed at bringing the economy to a stable position. However, depending on the way these strategies are implemented, they have been found to either have very helpful effects or to result to more problems by encouraging double-dip recession (Madhok 1997). In the instances of proper timing and properly formulating the policies that allow the implementation of the fiscal tightening strategies, the governments have been able to overcome the instances of recession and lift their financial positions and stabilize them (Porter 1990). On the other side, some of the methods used for implementation of the strategies just result to worsening of the situation due to wrong timing and improper implementation of the strategies, a factor that results to further recession in the economy (Wolfe 2010). References Alesina, A. Ardagna, S., 2008. Large changes in fiscal policy. (Online) Available at: www.nber.org . Alvarez, S. Busenitz, L., 2001. The Entrepreneurship of Resource-Based Theory. Journal of Management, 27 (6), pp. 755-775. Burda, M. Wyplosz, C., 1997. Macroeconomics: A European Text. New York: Oxford. Coviello, E. Jones, V., 2004. Methodological issues in international entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Venturing, 19 (4), pp. 485-508. Covin, J. Slevin, P., 1989. Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environments. Strategic Management Journal, 10 (1), pp. 75-87. Davidsson, P., 1995. Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 7 (1), pp. 41-62. Herbert, R. Link, N., 1982. The Entrepreneur. New York: Preager. Kelly, D. Amburgey, T. , 1991. Organizational inertia and momentum, a dynamic model of strategic change. Academy of Management Journal, 14 (5), pp. 591- 612. Madhok, A., 1997. Cost, value and foreign make entry: The Transaction and the firms’ Strategic Management Journal. New York: Willey. Murphy, G. Hill, C., 1996. Measuring performance in entrepreneurship research. Journal of Business Research, 36 (1), pp. 15-23. Porter, M., 1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: Free Press. Reinhart, D. Rogoff, S., 2008. This time is Different. (Online) Web. Saunders, J., 1994. The Marketing Initiative. London: Prentice-Hall. Smallbone, D. Welter, F., 2001. The Distinctiveness of Entrepreneurship in Transition Economies. Small Business Economics, 16 (4), pp. 249-62. Sproul, N., 1995. Handbook of Research Methods: A Guide for Practitioners and Students in Social Sciences. 2nd ed. Methuen: Scarecrow. Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsh, D. Thurik, R., 2002. An Eclectic theory of entrepreneurshi p: Policies, institutions and culture. In: David Audretsch, Roy Thurik, Ingrid Verheul and Sander Wennekers 1997. Entrepreneurship: Determinants and Policy in a European–US Comparison. Boston: Kluwer Academic Publishers. Webster, L., 1994. Lending for microenterprises: A review of the World Bank’s portfolio. Washington, D.C.: FPD Note 23, World Bank. Wennekers, A.R.M. Thurik, A.R., 1999. Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth. Small Business Economics, 13 (1), pp. 27-55. Wolfe, M., 2010. Emergency Budget: Special edition. (Online) Available at:Â  https://www.ft.com/ . Wolfe, M., 2010. Osborne bets tough Fiscal Stance will not stifle growth. (Online) Available at:Â  https://www.ft.com/ .

Definition and Examples of Slang in English

Definition and Examples of Slang in English Slang is an informal nonstandard variety of speech characterized by newly coined and rapidly changing words and phrases. In his book Slang: The Peoples Poetry (OUP, 2009), Michael Adams argues that slang is not merely a lexical phenomenon, a type of word, but a linguistic practice rooted in social needs and behaviors, mostly the complementary needs to fit in and to stand out. The Characteristics of Slang   The most significant characteristic of slang overlaps with a defining characteristic of jargon: slang is a marker of in-group solidarity, and so it is a correlate of human groups with shared experiences, such as being children at a certain school or of a certain age, or being a member of a certain socially definable group, such as hookers, junkies, jazz musicians, or professional criminals. (Keith Allan and Kate Burridge, Forbidden Words. Cambridge University Press, 2006) The Language of Outsiders   Slang serves the outs as a weapon against the ins. To use slang is to deny allegiance to the existing order, either jokingly or in earnest, by refusing even the words which represent conventions and signal status; and those who are paid to preserve the status quo are prompted to repress slang as they are prompted to repress any other symbol of potential revolution. (James Sledd, On Not Teaching English Usage. The English Journal, November 1965)  The downtrodden are the great creators of slang. . . . Slang is . . . a pile of fossilized jokes and puns and ironies, tinselly gems dulled eventually by overmuch handling, but gleaming still when held up to the light. (Anthony Burgess, A Mouthful of Air, 1992) Standing Out and Fitting In   It is not clear to what extent the slang impulse to enliven speech, the impulse to stand out, mingles with the slang impulse toward social intimacy, the impulse to fit in. At times they seem like oil and water, but at others the social and poetic motivations emulsify into one linguistic practice. . . .  All of us, young and old, black and white, urban and suburban have slang, and, with your eyes closed, we can tell black guys chillaxin with their buddies from young soccer moms dishing out about the latest issue of Jane*. We share more slang than separates us, but what separates us tells us and others where we fit in, or perhaps, where we hope to fit in, and where we dont. . . . As a social marker, though, slang works: you know that youre among the old, tired, gray, and hopeless, rather than hip, vivid, playful, and rebellious, if only in spirit, when you hear no slang. Slang is a tell even in its absence. (Michael Adams, Slang: The Peoples Poetry. Oxford University Press, 2009)   Your mother reads and reads and reads, she wants English, as much as she can get her hands on . . .. Id come late Friday afternoon, it used to be that I would go home with a magazine or two and maybe a paper, but she wanted more, more slang, more figures of speech, the bees knees, the cats pajamas, horse of a different color, dog-tired, she wanted to talk like she was born here, like she never came from anywhere else . . .. (Jonathan Safran Foer, Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close. Houghton Mifflin, 2005) Modern Slang in London   I love modern  slang. Its as colorful, clever, and disguised from outsiders as slang ever was and is supposed to be. Take bare, for example, one of a number of slang terms recently banned by a London school. It means a lot of, as in theres bare people here, and is the classic concealing reversal of the accepted meaning that you also find in wicked, bad and cool. Victorian criminals did essentially the same with back slang, reversing words so that boy became yob and so on.  The other banned words are equally interesting. Extra, for example, mischievously stresses the superfluous in its conventional definition, as in reading the whole book is extra, innit? And that much-disapproved innit? is in fact the nest-ce pas? English has needed since the Normans forgot to bring it with them.  And who would not admire rinsed for something worn out or overusedchirpsing for flirting, bennin for doubled-up with laughter, or wi-five for an electronically delivered high-five? My bad, being n ew, sounds more sincere than old, tired, Im sorry (Sos never quite cut it).   Mouse potato for those who spend too much time on PCs is as striking as salmon and aisle salmon for people who will insist on going against the flow in crowds or supermarket aisles. Manstanding is what husbands and partners typically do while their wives or partners are actually getting on with the shopping. Excellent. (Charles Nevin, The Joy of Slang. BBC News, October 25, 2013) Old Slang: Grub, Mob, Knock Off, and Clear as Mud   When we refer . . . to food as grub, it is perhaps hard to realize that the word goes back to Oliver Cromwells time; from early 18th century come mob, and also knock off, to finish; and from early 19th century, the sarcastic use of clear as mud. (Paul Beale, editor of Partridges Concise Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English. Routledge, 1991) The Life Span of Slang Words   With the exception of cool, which retains its effectiveness after well over half a century, slang wordsgroovy, phat, radical, smokinhave a very brief life span in which they can be used to express sincere enthusiasm. Then they revert to irony or, at best, expressions of a sort of mild sardonic approval. (Ben Yagoda, When You Catch an Adjective, Kill It. Broadway Books, 2007)  The latest slang term for defecation, however, is dropping the kids off at the pool, which offers hope for a new generation of euphemistic suburbanites. (William Safire, Kiduage. The New York Times, 2004) Slanguage   The expression slanguage has been in the English language for well over a hundred years and has an entry in reputable dictionaries like the Macquarie and the Oxford. One of its first written appearances was as early as 1879, and since that time it has been in regular useThe slanguage of a sporting reporter is a fearful and wonderful thing, to give just one early example. The word slang has given rise to quite a number of wonderful blended or compounded words, such as slanguage, and many of them have been in the language a very long time. (Kate Burridge, Gift of the Gob: Morsels of English Language History. HarperCollins Australia, 2011) Can O' Beans on Sloppy Slang   Well, said Can o Beans, a bit hesitantly, imprecise speech is one of the major causes of mental illness in human beings. . . .  Ã‚  The inability to correctly perceive reality is often responsible for humans insane behavior. And every time they substitute an all-purpose, sloppy slang word for the words that would accurately describe an emotion or a situation, it lowers their reality orientations, pushes them farther from shore, out onto the foggy waters of alienation and confusion. . . .  Slang possesses an economy, an immediacy thats attractive, all right, but it devalues experience by standardizing and fuzzing it. It hangs between humanity and the real world like a . . . a veil. Slang just makes people more stupid, thats all, and stupidity eventually makes them crazy. Id hate to ever see that kind of craziness rub off onto objects. (Tom Robbins, Skinny Legs and All. Bantam, 1990) The Lighter Side of American Slang I know only two words of American slang: swell and lousy. I think swell is lousy, but lousy is swell. (J.B. Priestley) * Jane was a magazine designed to appeal to young women. It ceased publication in 2007. Pronunciation: slang

Skip list Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Skip list - Essay Example It was developed by Professor William Pugh who saw a skip list as an alternative to AVL trees, splay trees, and self-adjusting trees. The idea of skip lists was to make a better sorted linked list. It was easier to perform deletion and insertion operations but hard to locate items. This is because a person would only move along the list using an item at a time. Professor William Pugh saw that if it was possible to skip over a number of items each at a time, then the problem of locating items would be solved. He therefore thought of a hierarchy of linked lists where each stacked on top of one another. According to Anastasio, there are three list data structures that use similar skipping strategy as that of the skip list. One of the list data structures allows any node to skip in a traversal manner. The second list data structures allow any 4th node to skip while the other one allows every 8th node to skip. All the three list data structures consist of a header note that do not have si milar number of forward references. Although each node has a reference to the following node, others have additional references to the next nodes on the same list. However, the find operation algorithm used by the three list data structure is similarly used by the real skip lists (Anastasio). Skip list is an interesting data structure for efficient realization of ordered map ADT. Skip list makes it possible for people to make random choices when arranging entries. During the arrangement the update and search time is usually O (log n) on average. n in this case, is the amount of entries fed in the dictionary. It is important to note that, there is no dependence of the time complexity used, on the keys’ probability distribution in the input. Instead, the time complexity depends on the utilization of a random number generator during implementation of insertion operation. This assists a person in deciding where to locate a new entry. However, there is an

Final assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final assessment - Essay Example All knowledge is based on perception. All categories of knowledge are processed knowledge whether conceptual, perceptual or sensory. Knowledge acquired without means of cognition is unprocessed knowledge. All concepts are formed by measurement omission process. This is according to the philosopher Rand in her Introduction to Objectivist Epistemology. Concepts are basically integration of units possessing the same distinguishing characteristics with certain measurements omitted. This is because measurements are an essential part of a process. Animals can be integrated into concepts such as living things. Ethics While in search for a good life, we have to distinguish between what is right or wrong and various rules of morality. Ethics is what enables us to achieve this. It defines the code of values that guide our choices and actions. The choices define the purpose and course of our life. Existence and non-existence pertains to living things only. The existence of inanimate matter is u nconditional while that of life is conditional because it depends on a certain course of action. Only living things face the issue of life and death. A person is free to think or else evade the effort in any issue of life or at any hour. Man’s mind is only the tool of survival because life is given to him and but survival is not. The body is given to him, but its sustenance is not, he is given the mind but not its content. He has to purpose his actions and know the nature before taking any action for him to remain alive. To implement his choice rational ethics guide him on the principle actions to take. If he decides not to live, nature obviously takes its course. He has to adhere to a moral code. According to the Philosophers Douglas Rasmussen and Douglas Den, every man must work for his rational self- interest for achievement of his own happiness as the highest moral purpose of his life. Reality Rand’s philosophy targets three axioms namely existence, consciousness a nd identity. Through reality, we develop a sense of belief. For instance, existence, consciousness, and identity are bases of knowledge and inescapable. Existence is the base of all forms of knowledge. Existence is identity of a specific nature made of certain attributes. Anything with no attributes does not exist. Mind never creates reality but it is a mean of discovering reality. Entities act in a manner caused by the nature of them. Primary observation of causal connections among entities serves as the basis of further knowledge. Freedom Freedom is an ingredient of a good life and very important thing on earth. A German philosopher Immanuel Kant supports this and argues that freedom is a prerequisite for moral responsibility. Many countries as well as individuals have fought for it. The possibility of moral judgments presupposes it. It serves an indispensable practical function. For a reason to act, the freedom has to be assumed. We have to think of our actions as the result of a n uncaused cause for us to accomplish ends and get to know the world better. We must think ourselves as being free. How we choose to act makes the difference in how we act. In making decisions on what to do, the mechanism that works in our nervous system makes no difference to us at all. For instance, if you decide to buy a house, you have to consider options, reflect on your needs and make decisions basing yourself on application of general principles. Deliberative,