How does temperature affect the rate of reaction between sodium :: GCSE Chemistry Coursework Investigation

How does temperature affect the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid? Aim: The aim of this experiment is to find out how the temperature affects the rate of reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid. Prediction: I predict that the higher the temperature of the solution the faster the reaction will take place because the particles will collide more when the temperature rises. Plan Apparatus: Measuring cylinders Tripod Bunsen burner Heat proof mat Gauze mat Thermometer Conical flask Water (30ml) Hydrochloric acid (5ml) Sodium thiosulphate (20ml) Piece of paper with X on it By lianne milbanke Pliminary results: I decided to do some preliminary work because then I could see what amount of Sodium thiosulphate, Hydrochloric acid and Water I needed for the reaction, I tried it 5 times before I found one that was not too fast and not too slow. ---------------------------------------------------------------- Sodium thiosulphate Hydrochloric Water (ml) Time (sec) (ml) acid (ml) 50 5 0 36 40 5 10 51 30 5 20 70 20 5 30 133 10 5 40 395

The Relationship Between Science and Reality Essay -- Science Scientif

The Relationship Between Science and Reality The relationship between science and reality has more to do with coexistence rather than one idea being superior to the other. I shall first define what each means and then give examplester's of how I arrive a t this coexistence theory. According to Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary, 1 ed., science is defined as follows: 1. a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of general laws: the mathematical sciences. 2. systematic knowledge of the physical or material world gained through observation and experimentation. 3. systematized knowledge in general. The same dictionary defines reality as: 1. the state or quality of being real. 2. Philos. a. something that exists independently of ideas concerning it. b. something that exists independently of all other things and from which all other things derive. I have a 5-year-old nephew who is alive because he received a heart transplant a few weeks after his birth. His parents very public request for organ donors received a lot of attention at the time, including a local radio talk show that discussed the organ donor program in general and whether this particular baby should be given a new heart. The replies were astonishing to me in both their intensity and their divisiveness. That some people could publicly say, "let the baby die†¦it’s God’s way," left me with my jaw hanging open. Some callers talked about how it was unnatural for science to be used in such a manner while others praised the fact that we now had the technology to allow a child, who might otherwise die, live. Today, that medical miracle of science wil... ...dual, not social preferences†¦[which] is why in almost every country in the world, the automobile has triumphed†¦"(p308). He concludes that cars make California more enjoyable. Our group all agreed. As I stated earlier, The Relationship between Science and Reality, is about co-existence. We need both science and reality to not only coexist, but also to continue to improve our lives. Works Cited Random House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary, Second Edition. 1999 ed. Bishop, Michael J, "Enemies of Promise." Lunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz, The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin’s 2000. 237-242. Wilson, James Q, "Cars and Their Enemies." Lunsford, Andrea and John Ruszkiewicz, The Presence of Others: Voices and Images That Call for Response 3rd ed. New York: St. Martin’s 2000. 303-313.

Retailing in India: The impact of hypermarkets Essay

1. How might a hypermarket located in India appeal to consumers and orient them to shopping in larger stores? – The trick lies in differentiating themselves from local kirana stores. If a hypermarket is offering same products, a customer will obviously prefer kirana store over the hypermarket because of the convenience and long years of service. Turning shopping into an experience should be the differentiating factor. This can be done by understanding the consumption basket of a consumer in an area, introducing new products in the hypermarket along with the old ones, having products catering to latest fads and fashions, and helping and assisting customers at every step of buying process. Also, promotions and discounts aligned with holidays and festivals would be a good way to appeal consumers. 2. Is the Indian government’s willingness to spend $500 billion to improve the nation’s infrastructure good news for international retailers? Why or why not? – The Indian government’s willingness to spend $500 billion to improve infrastructure is certainly good news for international retailers, because a good infrastructure helps stores to decrease their costs and improve profits. 3. Identify the main changes that mark Indian consumers. How can international retailers learn more about India’s youthful demographic? – More than half of India’s current population is younger than 25 years. – Due to the jobs created by IT and services boom, young consumers have more disposable income. – Due to the ever growing education scenario, students are also rising as a very important consumer class. – Nuclear working families have less time to shop. International retailers can study trends of migration of people of Indians origin, understand changing demographics in rural and urban areas due to urbanization of towns and up-gradation of villages, study penetration of retail product organizations in various markets and indigenous competition, and create models that include best practices of kirana stores that appeal

Montgomery Bus Boycott

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a socio-political protest against the policy of racial segregation and discrimination campaign in the public transport service of Montgomery city, Alabama in 1955. It lasted for one whole year starting at December 5, 1955 and ending at Decenmer21, 1956. The sentiments of the Afro-American community were cooled down by a United States Supreme decision that declared segregation in public transport as unconstitutional. The main cause of the protest and boycott of transport system was racial discrimination. This segregation was a source of bitterness and pathos for the Afro-Americans community for a long period of time. The city bus service was making a mockery of Afro-American as they were harassed by white drivers. They had top pay the fare at the front door whereas they had to reboard from the rear-door.   They used to sit behind a barrier that segregated the white community from the black one. This barrier was always moved toward the rear end to accommodate more white customers. On the bus, blacks sat behind a mobile barrier dividing the races, and as the bus filled, the barrier was pushed back to make room for white passengers. This stated resentments of the black residents of Montgomery city got an impetus in the arrest of Rosa Parks. She was taken into custody on December 1, 1955 on the charges that she refused vacate her seat to a white passenger. She was penalized 10$ in addition to $ 4 court charges. This decision flamed the feelings of the Afro-American community who had already planned to set a protest against this uncivilized practice. So the same day, on December 05, 1955, almost forty two thousands Black residents of the city started the boycott of city bus transport in order to protest racial segregation and racially discriminatory law of Alabama state. Rosa Parks was also an enthusiastic adherent of the protest campaign. The first occurrence of protest was a one day boycott by a local women’s rights organization, Women's Political Council to show solidarity with Rosa Parks. The council’s president JoAnn published and distributed 52,000 fliers that prompted Montgomery‘s Afro-American community to stay off public buses on the day of the Rosa Park’s trial. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People’s (NAACP) local section, that was hankering after an issue to involve the court into a legal and constitutional debate over the issue of racial segregation took advantage of the situation, started preparing for the legal challenge. After the conviction of Rosa Parks, the local black leaders congregated to arrange a mass protest and an extension of the bus boycott. They further established Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) to forward the interest of the Afro-American community at the national level and elected Luther King Jr. as its president. This protest continued for 381 days during which Black community used other mean of conveyance like taxis, carpooling, and walking through miles. Their efforts and sacrifices bore fruit when they ultimately succeeded in their struggle to desegregate seating on public buses, not only in Montgomery, but throughout the United States through a decision made by Supreme Court. As it is stated earlier that Black organizations like NAACP and other community leader started thinking on various legal measures to challenge the Alabama bus segregation laws and to eradicate the segregation. For his purpose, they based their case on Fourth Amendments that declares equal laws for every citizen of America and  Ã‚   wanted a clear judgment in this regards over the discriminatory laws of Alabama State. But real solace came through another case Browder v. Gayle that was filed on February 1, 1956, in the U.S. District Court. Browder was a Montgomery housewife who was denied the equal right of bus service under the discriminatory law and Gayle was the mayor of Montgomery. In June, 1956 ruling, federal court declared the segregated seating as unconstitutional but an appeal was forwarded to the United States Supreme Court. However, on November 13, 1956, the superior court endorsed the lower court's ruling. This was a great triumph for the Afro-American community as they won the struggle for their rights. The Montgomery Bus Boycott cast deep imprints U.S. history and equipped the Black leadership with an impetus to carry on their civil rights struggle. It had implications that reached far beyond the desegregation of public buses. Luther King established himself as the leader of a national stature. The protest boosted the Civil Rights Movement and created a mass awareness about the struggle of Afro-American community and highlighted their pathos and miseries. It further provided confidence to the Black people that they can win their rights by constant struggle. In the words of King: â€Å"We have gained a new sense of dignity and destiny. We have discovered a new and powerful weapon—non-violent resistance.† Reference Burns, Stewart. (1997) Daybreak of Freedom: The Montgomery Bus Boycott. The University of North Carolina Press.

Equal Protection in Criminal Punishment

Equal Protection in Criminal Punishment The 14th Amendment articulates that no State shall â€Å"deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws† (Sullivan and Gunther 486). It is nearly impossible though, for the equal treatment of all persons, since every law affects people differently. â€Å"This command cannot literally require equal treatment of all persons, since almost all laws classify in some way, by imposing burdens on or granting benefits to some people and not others† (Sullivan and Gunther 486).The Equal Protection Clause was meant for the application of all laws equally, not necessarily equal treatment of all people. There is a great difference in the two. The people most adversely affected by these iniquitous laws are mainly minorities and those from low socio-economic groups. The inequality in sentencings of the criminals is often the focal point of legal discussion. The most debatable topic when it comes to criminal punishment is the area surrounding the death penalty. It is often given unjustly and undeservingly to minorities.Race is the most controversial and monumental factor in determining the length and severity of a criminal’s punishment. Racial discrimination has been evident in our legal system in the past and continues to remain present to this day. Our court system has deprived minorities of their rights throughout the years. In Strauder v. West Virginia, the State excluded blacks from the jury. The State law stated that â€Å"all white male persons who are twenty-one years of age and who are citizens of this State shall be liable to serve as jurors† (Sullivan and Gunther 487).A black man facing trial in the 1800’s against an all white jury doesn’t stand a chance. The Court found that to deny citizen participation in the administration of justice solely on racial grounds â€Å"is practically a brand upon them, affixed by law; an assertion of their inferiority, and a stimulant to that race prejudice which is an impediment to securing to individuals of the race that equal justice which the law aims to secure to all others† (Sullivan and Gunther 487). This case was a major turning point in racial discrimination in our legal system.Minorities were starting to be seen as people, and not just objects. But at this time, we were still far from our goal of total equality among all people. In a more recent case, Swain v. Alabama, the Court held that a defendant in a criminal case is not constitutionally allowed to a balanced number of his race on the trial jury or the jury panel. There is no evidence in this case that the jury selection committee applied different jury selection standards as between blacks and whites (Swain v. Alabama, 380 U. S. 209, 1965). There may not be evidence, but it is quite obvious that there is an inequality here.How can a man facing a death penalty be put up against an all white jury during a time of racial tension? A f lawed system of selection of jury panels is not comparable to intended racial discrimination (Swain v. Alabama, 380 U. S. 209, 1965). Although the selection of an all white jury was not sought out, society during this time was racially divided. The principle announced in Strauder v. West Virginia, that a State denies a black defendant equal protection when it puts him on trial before a jury from which members of his race have been purposefully excluded, was reaffirmed in Batson v.Kentucky (Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 84). The Equal Protection Clause assures the defendant that the State will not prohibit members of his race from the jury venire on account of race, or on the inaccurate assumption that members of his race as a group are not eligible to serve as jurors. By denying a person participation in jury duty on the basis of his race, the State also unconstitutionally discriminates against the barred juror (Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 85). This inequality in the selection of jurors has damaged confidence in our legal system.The lack of confidence has in turn caused inequality in the sentencing of criminals, mostly dealing with minorities. There is no doubt that minorities receive harsher and longer sentences. â€Å"As of June 1998, only seven white men had been executed in the United States for killing black victims. In the same 1976-1998 period, 115 black men were executed for killing white victims† (Cole 132). These numbers prove that blacks have historically received harsher treatments than whites. This connects to the selection of juries. Juries have a great affect on the sentencing of criminals.A predominantly white jury is more than likely to convict a black man, than a predominantly black jury is. â€Å"Juries remain predominantly white in most of the country, and apparently their sympathies lie more strongly with white than black victims† (Cole 133). A large study conducted by Professors David Baldus, George Woodworth, and Charles Pulaski, showed that there was a large disparity in the racial breakdown of the death penalty. They found that defendants charged with killing white victims received the death penalty eleven times more often than defendants charged with killing black victims (Cole 133).The Equal Protection Clause was set out to protect from this indifference, but this clearly shows that it has not done so. Equal treatment of all people has yet to be achieved today and racial inequality is still ever-present. Criminal sentencing when it comes to blacks and whites is vastly different and unjust. The disproportion of sentences given to blacks and whites in dealing with drugs is ridiculous. First of all, the gap in sentencing when it comes to crack cocaine and powder cocaine is too big.Under federal sentencing guidelines, a small-time crack dealer caught selling 5 grams of crack receives the same prison sentence as a large-scale powder cocaine dealer convicted of distributing 500 grams of powder cocaine (Cole 142). To me, powder cocaine is just as dangerous and addicting as crack cocaine. The large gap in sentencings for the two offenses places a higher value on the danger level of crack, when in all actuality they are on the same level. The increase in policing of the low-level crack offenders has caused us to neglect the big drug traffickers.As it is, we already do not have enough federal law enforcement to police all the drug dealers out there. By paying more attention to the people with small amounts of crack cocaine, we are letting others get by with more powdered cocaine. This puts more powdered cocaine on the streets, because dealers are unafraid to receive the consequences since the pay-off to conviction rate is much more in their favor. An offender would receive a mandatory minimum of 10 years if they were to get caught with 5,000 grams of powdered cocaine, while a person would receive the same sentence for being caught with only 50 grams of crack cocaine.Crack cocaine is the only drug that carries a mandatory prison sentence for a first-time possession offense. A person convicted in federal court of simple possession of 5 grams of crack is subject to a mandatory five-year prison term while a person convicted of possessing 5 grams of powder will probably receive a probation sentence. To solve this problem, we need to bridge the gap between the two sentencings. Crack cocaine is the poor man’s powdered cocaine. The popularity of crack cocaine was associated with its cheap price, which for the first time made cocaine available to a wider economic class (thesentencingproject. rg). More than often, the biggest users of crack cocaine are people of lower social status. This in turn implicates that more crack cocaine users are African Americans. As a result of this, blacks are receiving more prison time when it comes to crack cocaine. African Americans make up one-third of crack cocaine users, with the other two-thirds being white and Hispanic (The D efenders Online). About 90 percent of federal crack cocaine defendants are black (Cole 142). African American drug defendants have a 20 percent greater chance of being sentenced to prison than white drug defendants (The Sentencing Project).Why is this the case? The legal system inadvertently targets blacks by placing higher sentences on crack cocaine offenses. A considerable racial disparity in prosecutions and imprisonment has endured for too long. Along with disproportionate law enforcement procedures that aim towards blacks, the crack sentencing guidelines have resulted in more than 80 percent of crack cocaine defendants being African American, although in all actuality, a majority of crack offenders are white or Hispanic (The Sentencing Project).With the punishment of crack cocaine so severe for low level offenses, the prison incarceration rate has risen, causing us as taxpayers more money. American prisons and jails house nearly two million people and Blacks face incarceration rates more than six times that of Whites (Schlesinger). The inequality in our justice system has caused more minorities to be locked up, which in result is a financial burden on the American taxpayers. By equalizing the gap in criminal sentencing for all races, we can solve the problems from within our legal system.The racial inequality that is present in our justice system also exists in the sentencing of the death penalty. There seems to be a consistent factor in those on death row. â€Å"Those being executed and awaiting their deaths are no different from those selected for execution in the past: virtually all were poor; about half are members of racial minorities; and the overwhelming majority where sentenced to death for crimes against white victims† (Bright 433). Over time, our legal system has placed a â€Å"small† value of importance on minorities and this was built upon, to where whites did not notice this inequality.There has to be some sort of factor that in fluences why there are more minorities on death row. A possible influence on the situation could be the fact that most prosecutors are white. â€Å"98 percent of all state death penalty state prosecutors are white and in eighteen of the thirty-eight death penalty states, prosecutors are exclusively white† (Free 187). White prosecutors may not knowingly have a racial bias in their head, but it is evident when they are trying to seek the death penalty. State courts were 4. 3 times more likely to sentence those who killed whites than those that killed blacks (Free 185).These same courts were 1. 1 times more likely to black defendants to death than any other defendant of another race (Free 185). While the state prosecutors are pressing for the death penalty, the defendant is supplied with an insufficient lawyer. The jury is more than likely to listen to the more qualified state prosecutor and be persuaded by what he has to say, over the under qualified attorney supplied by the st ate. This has resulted in more successful cases in favor of the state prosecutors. This reoccurring situation is ever-so-present in today’s legal system.Minorities are getting shafted in the American justice system and nothing is being done to prevent this from continuing to happen in the future. ‘All men are created equal†¦ ‘ may be what the Declaration of Independence says, but in all reality, some men receive better treatment than others. The actual reality of the Declaration of Independence is that all free, white, landowning men are created equal. For that reason, inequality has always been present in the United States' legal system and maintains to exist today; though, the inequality currently in the system is not as obvious as what it once was.We have made little progress towards total equality. Anywhere you look in today’s world, you can find some sort of inequality or injustice. I firmly believe we will always have a racial prejudice in the wo rld no matter what, because there will always be the people that can’t get over their racial indifferences. Although we will not fully achieve the goal of racially equality, we can make positive steps forward by first addressing the problems associated with in our justice system. Race is the largest influencing factor in the sentencing of criminals, especially when it comes o dealing with the death penalty. Works Cited Bright, Stephen B. â€Å"Discrimination, Death, and Denial: The Tolerance of Racial Discrimination in Infliction of the Death Penalty. † Santa Clara Law Review Vol. 35 (1995. ): 433. Free Jr. , Marvin D. Racial Issues in Criminal Justice: the Case of African Americans. Westport: Criminal Justice Press, 2004. 185,187. Schlesinger, Traci. â€Å"How Determinate Sentencing Contributed to the Prison Boom: The Failure of Race Neutral Policies†Ã‚  Paper presented at the annual meeting of the The Law and Society Association, Jul 06, 2006. ttp://www. allac ademic. com/meta/p94999_index. html â€Å"Sentencing disparity: Crack Cocaine v Powdered Cocaine. † The Defenders Online. 27 May 2009. 16 Dec. 2009. http://www. thedefendersonline. com/2009/05/27/sentencing-disparity-crack-cocaine-v-powder-cocaine/ Sullivan, Kathleen M. and Gerald Gunther. Constitutional Law: 16th Ed. New York: Foundation Press, 2007. The Sentencing Project: Research and Advocacy for Reform. â€Å"Federal Crack Cocaine Sentencing. † 13 December 2009. http://www. sentencingproject. org/doc/publications/dp_crack_sentencing. pdf

Econ 417 Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Econ 417 Assignment 3 - Essay Example The technological advancements are increasing day by day and the technology is becoming more and more efficient. This not only increases the efficiency of these machines but the costs of installation have also been reduced. The writer gives examples of advancements in internet, agricultural and health sectors. Later it is explained that the growth in technology is actually extremely good for economic growth. The new technology which comes in actually makes the older one obsolete and out of date. As a result, this ends up being a drawback, as new technology ends up replacing old technology. An excellent example of the history of light is mentioned here. From the campfire discovered thousands of years ago passing through candles and bulbs, today’s fluorescent lights are 143,000 times brighter than the campfires (Easterly 175). These dramatic advancements in technology have been visible over centuries and this has increased efficiency manifold. With the presence of technology the people should also have the incentive to use it. Technology without incentive may be useless and this has been seen on multiple occasions in history. The romans had the resources and the technology but they did not progress. Similarly the Chinese were the first to have access to a variety of technologies before the Europeans could even have imagined. However, they lacked an incentive for its usage and as a result the technologies remained stagnant for a long period of time before they were taken over by others. Another feature which is important along with technology is education. It has been witnessed that the productivity of workers in developed economies may be similar but their income levels may be different. A very significant reason behind this is that the different educational levels cause different levels of usage of the technology. The important factor for technological progress and for economic growth is the incentive to use these for the betterment. For the poorer countr ies the absence of technology can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. The disadvantage can be in a sense that the absence of experience of technology can result in a reversal of effect. This is because the workers will be semi-skilled or unskilled as far as the expertise is concerned. This is because they will be inexperienced in the handling of technology. They will not be able to handle the machinery and the return over the technology will be much lower than to the skilled workers of the developed nations. The advantage will be extremely essential for the developing or under-developed countries because the installation of the technology and its implementation will be extremely cost effective. The will directly have to install the technology and it will be much easier instead of upgrading the old technology or replacing it. Chapter 10 Summary This chapter begins with the examples of the incidents in the lives of three women. These women represent the poverty stricken people fr om the poorer nations of Zambia, India and Vietnam. The three families face similar situations where the death of a working person results in the isolation of the family where they are now dependent on others for survival. They are thrown into the poverty trap by the human disasters which cannot be controlled. The poor households find themselves very vulnerable to shocks such as human disasters. Such households do not have any collateral and in situations of shock they are

Contrast Between Edward Cole and Carter Chambers in The Bucket List Essay

Contrast Between Edward Cole and Carter Chambers in The Bucket List - Essay Example Edward Cole was a billionaire, a wealthy man who made a business out of nothing. He owned the ‎hospital that he and Mr. Chambers were receiving treatments in. Mr. Cole made his fortune in the health ‎industry as shown in the movie, that he earlier was presenting his case on making patients share one room, ‎and also the expenditure that he bourn for the traveling. A self-centered man, who did not like sharing ‎his hospital room with Carter, and also, when Thomas served his lavish dinner, he made no sharing offer ‎to his room-mate. Also, when Carter felt the chills at night, he ignored and kept on sleeping. While on the other hand, Mr. Chambers was an ordinary mechanic who spent his life under the ‎cars, fixing them. Yet, Mr. Chambers was blessed with extraordinary love and knowledge of history. Like shown in the movie, Mr. Chambers knew the answers to every question which the fellow mechanic ‎asked from a book, and also, at different points in the movie, when he knew the answers to all the berries ‎shown on the hospital TV. While Edward was ignorant, Carter did opposite to what Edward did. When ‎Edward felt chilly, he called over the nurse to drug Edward for a peaceful sleep.‎ Edward Cole was a materialist man. He earlier was shown arguing over the fact that there is no ‎harm in making the patients share a room together as he said: â€Å"he was running healthcare and not a ‎health spa†. It was his theory that â€Å"one room two beds† allowed better accommodation. And also on ‎the list, he had all materialistic items such as having a tattoo and sky-diving. Mr. Cole was also not a firm ‎believer of God, whom he called â€Å"biggie† on his first flight with Carter.‎