Knowledge Management Not Forgetting the Techniques -Free Samples

Question: Discuss About Knowledge Management Not Forgetting the Techniques? Answer: Introducation: The usage of Knowledge management dates to the 1980's like a confluence of a myriad of factors, some with pure intellectual basing, while others were born of pragmatism and the need for innovation as a way to secure innovative performances. According to Ghani (2009), knowledge management is not a single discipline, but a conglomeration of various disciplines and fields of study among them KM tools and Techniques. Ghani pools the definition of knowledge management from a couple of other scholars such as Dancesport and Prusak outlining that KM: "takes an interest in the exploitation and development of knowledge assets of an establishment with the thought of expanding the objectives of knowledge." As such, it involves discoveries, retentions, and exchange of expertise so as to take to the next level the pre-existing efficiency levels. The other disciplines and fields of Knowledge management include KM models and KM processes, organizational learning and learning organization, knowledge sharing and trust, communities of practice, applying knowledge and innovation, new knowledge creation, KM and organizational culture, KM governance and organizational memory. Literature Review There exists a large pool of literature on the theme of Knowledge management techniques and tools. One of the key assets in the maintenance of a competitive advantage in businesses is efficiency in knowledge management, Obancea, (2009) explains. He adds, there exists a wide range of techniques in Knowledge management that are being applied more and more in the representation and management of codified knowledge. In addition, Knowledge management tools are on the offering taking up various functions. There are various advantages to knowledge management tools (Ghani, 2009). Firstly, it allows organizations to handle problems about knowledge management with increased effectiveness and at relatively reduced costs. Secondly, the tools go a long way in leveraging knowledge and experience amassed by different employees in an organization. This allows for the acceleration of innovation initiatives and sharpening of the competitive advantage of the organization (Ghani, 2009). Studies have been conducted in a bid to attain a broader understanding of the tools on knowledge management not forgetting the techniques. This has led to a development of what are understood as the featured tools of an ideal Knowledge management platform. To begin with is the creation of knowledge bases that takes the form of frequently asked questions in the establishment, descriptions of technical procedures, among other things. Moreover, communities of practice where the employees in the organization are brought together by a common set of activity. Different technical means are used to achieve this in an attempt to enable the personnel to share their expertise. Furthermore, the knowledge management platform constitutes a bank of ideas that entails collection and storage of ideas and the best of practices nurtured within the confines of the organization. The ideas are solicited from all the employees top down and considering that not each idea is right up for implementation at it s inception; continuous storage is what constitutes the bank of ideas. A review of the KMS Knowledge management is defined simply as: "the art of creating value from an organization's tangible assets(Ransbotham, 2016). Knowledge management systems refer to an application designed to collect most if not all of the information within an organization with the aim of making it readily available to employees. A majority of these systems, as is the case with Wiki at Peacock, provides a central point for creation, organization, and redistribution of knowledge(Ransbotham, 2016). Over time, certain tangible benefits have been attributed to the use of KMS. First, with KMS the distribution of knowledge is highly improved, i.e., the knowledge that was initially at the hands of certain individuals is made available to all. Second, the accuracy and consistency of information is hugely improved due to contribution of knowledge by different individuals in the organization(Karlinsky-ShichorZviran, 2016) Third, KMS increases employee satisfaction as it provides a platform for employees to give out their knowledge and earning due recognition for it. Fourth, much time is saved through the comprehensive internal knowledge base brought about by the KMS. In its absence time is usually lost through a search for answers and interruption of the older employees by the new recruits(Karlinsky-ShichorZviran, 2016). Fourth, a factor related to the time-saving aspect of the KMS is the fact that it allows for the faster integration of new personnel acquisitions as the amount information at their disposal is insurmountable. Lastly, and importantly, the KMS allows for knowledge retention within an entity, therefore, ensuring that the poll of information dos does not flow away in the event certain employees move on to different roles or positions. A critical discussion There are aspects of KM tools and Techniques evident in the provided case study of Peacock. Just like any other organization inexistent without application of Knowledge Management systems, a large amount of the business content at peacock productions was initially unstructured. A specific factor with regard to the above mentioned they recognized that with the help of knowledge management tools such information, could be available and in a favorable format to other personnel within the organization. From the provided case study, the use of the social media as a mitigation towards knowledge management is apparent. The case of peacock depicts two sides of the whole idea surrounding the relevance of KM tools and Techniques in an organizational setup in relation to knowledge management. Peacock lacked a primary channel of communication that capitalized into the challenges of knowledge management at the peacock. These include organizational conflicts, a lack of appropriate systems and a la ck of sufficient time to educate new hires by the core employees. The challenge, or rather the need for a Knowledge management system emanates from the fact that Peacock is not only a huge entity but also has had considerable growth. For instance, the media house has put in efforts to restructure itself into an agile organization. It has added short-term contractors and freelancers to its full-time staff. It has three internal divisions- Editorial, Operations and Development and two support divisions- software development and legal all under the stewardship of NBC universal. It is important to note that the rate at which employees leave and join peacock is an indication of the need for quick information sharing methodology and prevention of knowledge loss due to attrition. The inclusion of Wiki as a knowledge management tool has allowed for knowledge retention within the establishment, therefore, ensuring that the pool of information does not flow away in the event certain employees move on to different roles or positions. Even more, Peacock lacked a full integration of information. Integrating information encompasses a bank of ideas that entails collection and storage of ideas and the best of practices nurtured within the confines of the organization. The techniques used for knowledge creation at Peacock 7 are as follows: data mining where seemingly raw data is turned into useful information using a Knowledge management tool to find patterns in certain pieces of information; business simulation, content analysis, environmental scanning. The commonly used techniques for knowledge sharing are communities of practices, sharing the best practices, after action review, cross-functional teams, storytelling, white pages. The techniques being used for organizing and managing knowledge are; knowledge harvesting, knowledge mapping, and knowledge audit. Tools and techniques used for knowledge management have brought sanity at Peacock and Victoria expresses that, "At this point, it makes sense to go through it and make sure everything looks good." The Application of these tools and techniques comes with ease of usage, cheaper in management, readily available and the platform requires little effort in installation. The social media has been im pactful in knowledge management at Peacock, a fact that Victoria was very much aware of. Some of these benefits that are in line with the benefits brought about by knowledge management systems include channel specific presentation of content unlike earlier on when certain pieces of information were carried only by the core staff. It allowed sharing of knowledge across online channels and lastly, it facilitated access and sharing of content sourced from crowds. Manifestations of KM tools and techniques in an organization Before the Wiki, the situation at Peacock was dire and was a demonstration of the need for a Knowledge Management System. It Significantly wasted productivity for new freelancer contractors and for the core staff. The time that the core staff members were supposed to invest in developing and producing programs was instead devoted to answering repeated mundane questions. The director of operations, Victoria notices the chaos in knowledge management at Peacock and the need for KSM brings about Wiki. After the Wiki Victoria realized that proper way to drive KM is by managing knowledge like an asset which principally entails incorporation of KM tools and techniques. Knowledge is created, codified and shared throughout the whole organization. There are a regular maintenance and update of the knowledge base. The option used in the case of Peacock to build a knowledge base is the Wiki software Wiki is ideally a collection of interlinked web pages in which each pages' contents is a reflection of a specific idea. The operations director recognizes the capabilities of social media and the part it could play in search of a relevant KSM. Peacock utilizes Wiki as a knowledge management tool while there are other measures put in place to be used as a knowledge management technique. These are in the following ways: wiki provides multiple channels through which knowledge is defined in line with the needs. As a result, the core knowledge base is used adequately by the wide range of employees- some long term staff and others contractors and freelancers. The knowledge management tools through Wiki allow for indexing and filtering of content thereby having considerable control with regard to the content accessible to all personnel. There are continuous integration and organization of content into the existing bank of knowledge that is frequently done by Victoria with the assistance of the task force in charge of the implementation. Through Wiki, the operations manager has ensured that the users have access to knowledge about their line of work at Peacock. Knowledge management tools include data mining, content management tools, groupware, wiki The outcome of the of the implementation of a knowledge management system with a social media foundation at Peacock has been superb in comparison to other KM aspects. Despite the notion that the application of Knowledge management tools and techniques equates to surrendering one's own wisdom and that there are difficulties in codifying tacit knowledge, the success of Wiki at Peacock tells a whole lot different narrative. Conclusion Judging by the above critical look into the application of KM tools and techniques at Peacock the following conclusions are conceivable: the use of Wiki at Peacock has been a success particularly in knowledge management. In as much as Wiki was present but uncommonly used at Peacock is an indication of the effort that was needed at the institution to ensure that other stakeholders came on board. As a result, a huge amount of the information of the company is integrated thus available to the personnel hence portraying a high knowledge penetration. The most commonly used method of knowledge creation is data mining. Others include data mining the most commonly used method of technique for knowledge sharing is followed by References Obancea, G. (2009). Knowledge management tools and techniques.Annals of DAAAM Proceedings, 35-37. Treser, M. (2016).Knowledge Management: Processes, Techniques, And Tools - eLearning Industry. [online] eLearning Industry. Available at: https://elearningindustry.com/knowledge-management-processes-techniques-tools [Accessed 21 May 2017]. Ghani, S. R. (2009). Knowledge management: tools and techniques.DESIDOC Journal of Library Information Technology,29(6), 33. AisenbergFerenhof, H., Durst, S., Hesamamiri, R. (2016). The impact of social media on knowledge management. In11th International Forum on Knowledge Asset Dynamics (IFKAD)-Dresden 15-17 June 2016.Institute of Knowledge Asset Management (IKAM). Cho, T., Korte, R. (2014). Managing knowledge performance: testing the components of a knowledge management system on organizational performance.Asia Pacific Education Review,15(2), 313-327. Stenholm, D., Rossi, M., Bergsjoe, D., Terzi, S. (2015). KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES: EXTENT OF USE IN ORGANIZATIONS AND SUPPORT FOR MODULARIZATION. InDS 80-10 Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Engineering Design (ICED 15) Vol 10: Design Information and Knowledge Management Milan, Italy, 27-30.07. 15. Karlinsky-Shichor, Y., Zviran, M. (2016). Factors Influencing Perceived Benefits and User Satisfaction in Knowledge Management Systems.Information Systems Management,33(1), 55-73. Ransbotham, S. (2016). Knowledge entrepreneurship: institutionalising wiki-based knowledge-management processes in competitive and hierarchical organisations.Journal of Information Technology,31(2), 226-239.

Siera Fitzhugh Essays (849 words) - American Culture, Psychotherapy

Siera Fitzhugh Colleen Harvel English 217-C4019 May 24, 2017 American Dream An essay titled " The American Dream: Dead, Alive, or on Hold? " is a prime example of how the "American Dream" is perceived in so many ways. The author, Brandon King defines the state of the American Dream this way "I would redefine the American Dream today as the potential to work for an honest, secure way of life and save for the future" (573). King believes that t his definition still holds true even though there are others who do not. 47 percent of the American population believes this redefinition needs to be redefined again. Since 2011, when his article was published, the economy has gotten worse for many Americans. For the last 50 years' people rarely found themselves in ever growing fear of losing or finding a job, home, car or basic needs. In the past, they found homes and apartments affordable, and food available at reasonable prices. Many made annual trips to Disney World every year to reap the rewards of their hard-earned mon ey. Now a new reality has taken hold that threatens to destroy that dream and affect the dreams of many Americans. In Brandon King's "The American Dream: Dead, Alive, or on Hold?" he concludes the American Dream still lives on, but with the ever-expanding gap between the wealthy and the middle class, many people say they increasingly find their dream unattainable. Bankruptcies, foreclosures and homelessness have risen to high levels. Isn't it time to redefine, again, what their priorities should be in this uncertain world. Today's American dream is about surviving not just progressing. The local economy and the global forces and economic pressures have affected people's prospects in achieving a rich lifestyle and rely heavily on government entitlements and programs which so many criticize as going in the wrong direction. In reality, entitlements like Medicaid, food assistance (SNAP), Medicare and Social Security have helped so many Americans survive through these hard times, although many of these programs do not form part of the American Dream in many minds. In the past many Americans depended on manufacturing jobs for their livelihood. When they got a job, there was a great amount of certainty that they could rely on it to progress and sustain a healthy lifestyle for their family to buy a home, car and everything that came with it. Today those jobs have gone to other developing nations who can afford to hire employees at low wage. Many believe there is a worldwide trend towards government and the private sector merging together to preserve the American way of life and their well-being, which is the future answer to solve our economic woes. In his article, King states "providing money to businesses may encourage them to hire more people, thereby increasing job opportunities." (575). But not even President Obama's $33 billion tax credit was not enough to substantially increase jobs in the market. To the contrary, it has gotten more difficult and complicated to keep the job market growing at a satisfactory pace. King claims, "If the Great Recession has taught us anything, it is that planning for the future by saving more and enacting policies that sustain economic growth are what will keep the American Dream alive." Many economists believe that rather than having the resources divided among different competing groups, individuals should be giving unregulated economic freedom to selfishly improve their lot and eventually their efforts would trickle down to the rest of society. Though this thought worked for America for many decade s, the global markets have no dictates what control we have over the economy. Can Americans keep on redefining The American Dream to suit their perception of it? King recognizes there are issues and questions of what the dream really means when he states, "The American Dream, however, is based on perception; on the way, someone imagines how to be successful." (575). Many do believe this to be the case. Otherwise uncertainty and desperation would follow if people stopp ed dreaming about their future. T he dream, however redefined, must go forward regardless of what the reality really is. If the people continue to redefine their dream, some

Enzymes-Amylase and Starch Essay Example

Enzymes Enzymes-Amylase and Starch Paper Enzymes-Amylase and Starch Paper Mechanical digestion, for example the tounge, is used to break the large food particles down so that they are easier to swallow. Once the food has be taken down into the stomach, some more Mechanical digestion takes place but this is helped by Chemical Digestion. Enzymes are there to help break the molecules down. They are Catalysts, which is a chemical that is added to speed up reactions, but remain unchanged by the process. Every Enzyme has a purpose and a special reaction that is involved in the process. Enzmes control chemical reactions inside all living things. Each of the main food groups have an enzyme that breaks it down. Enzymes have 5 properties that are always the same: * They are always proteins * They are specific in their action * They are destroyed by a rise in temperature * They are sensitive to pH * They can be used over and over again Working best at a neutral pH value and at the bodies temperature, a rise above 50 degrees celsius changes the shape of an enzyme and they can no longer work. In my experiment Amylase is the enzyme, which is made in the salivary gland and released in the mouth. The starch is the food which the amylase will act on, this is called the substrate. The product that will be formed is glucose. I am looking to see how long it takes for the starch to be digested by the amylase to make glucose. I will use Iodine to test to see if starch is present. When added to the solution, if it turns black/blue-then starch is present, if it is orange-then there is no starch. Prediction: My prediction is that the enzymes will work fastest at body temperature, (37 degrees celsius), so therefore the starch will turn into glucose the quickest at this point. I do not think that there will be any reaction after the temperature reaches 50 degrees celcius. Apparatus: * Dimple tray * Pipettes * Stopwatch * Amylase * Starch * Water * Test Tube * Beaker * Test tube rack * Kettle Method: 1. Set up the experiment as shown in the diagram. 2. Then test to see what the room temperature is. 3. Add 25ml of amylase to 25ml of starch and place in an empty clean test tube which i placed inside an empty beaker. 4. I then briefly stirred the mixture and placed 2 drops of the solution into 1 dimple, and added 1 drop of iodine. 5. After a minute, which I timed using a stopwatch, I added another 2 drops of the solution and 1 drop of the iodine into another dimple. I continued this process until the solution turned orange. 6. I then changed the temperature of the solution by adding heated water in the beaker to heat the mixture. I repeated the entire experiment at many different temperatures. Conclusion: I have found out that temperature affects the speed at which amylase digests starch into glucose. At freezing point (0 degrees celsius), after 40 mins there was absoloutly no change and this was the same for boiling point (100 degrees celcius). The temperature at which glucose should normally change into glucose the quickest is body temperature (37 degrees celcius), but it average at the fastest time at 22 degrees celsius, room temperature. My prediction for this experiment was partly correct. I predicted that there would be no reaction at 0 degrees and 100 degrees celsius and I was correct. I was wrong though, by predicting that it would react quickest at body temperature, it was quickest at room temperature. I think that this was because the amylase was artificially created at room temperature. Evaluatiuon: I think the experiment was overall a sucess. I recieved the results that I needed although they were not what I expected. There were a few problems which I encountered during the experiment. On of which was that the amylase was artificially made at room temperature and therefore room temperature was its most comfortable state. The dimple trays were also a problem as they were made of plastic. The plastic can sometimes contaminate the solutions whereas porcelain or china doesnt do as easily. The final problem was that the experiment was continued at different time periods during the day. This meant that the temperature in the room would have been different during periods of the experiment. If the experiment was done again but this time taking all the points made above into consideration, the experiment would finish with a more accurate set of results. I made sure that the testing was made fair by using the same amount of mixture for each dimple and by keeping the water level around the test tube at the same level. The time between each new addition of solution to a dimple was kept the same, 1 minute intervals.

Arrowheads and Other Prehistoric Hunter Tools

Arrowheads and Other Prehistoric Hunter Tools Arrowheads are the most easily identified type of archaeological artifact. Most people in the world recognize an arrowhead when they see one: It is a stone object which has been deliberately reshaped to be pointy on one end. Whether theyve personally collected them from nearby farmlands, seen them in museum displays, or just watched them being shot into people in old western movies, most people know the triangular tips of arrow shafts called arrowheads are the remnants of a prehistoric hunting trip, the spent shotgun shells of the past. But why do archaeologists insist on calling them projectile points?   Arrowheads versus Projectile Points Archaeologists typically call what regular people call arrowheads projectile points, not because it sounds more academic, but because the shape of a pointy stone does not necessarily categorize it as something that was used at the end of an arrow shaft. Projectile is more inclusive than arrow. Also, in our long human history, we have used a wide variety of materials to put sharp points on the ends of projectiles, including stone, wood, bone, antler, copper, plant parts, and other raw material types : Sometimes we just sharpened the end of a stick. The purposes of projectile points have always been both hunting and warfare, but the technology has varied a great deal over the ages. The technology that made the first stone points possible was invented by our distant ancestor Homo erectus in Africa during the later Acheulean period, circa 400,000–200,000 years ago. This technology involved knocking bits of stone off a hunk of rock to create a sharp point. Archaeologists call this early version of stone-making the Levallois technique or Levalloisian flaking industry. Middle Stone Age Innovations: Spear Points During the Mousterian period of the Middle Paleolithic beginning around 166,000 years ago, Levalloisian flake tools were refined by our Neanderthal cousins and became quite numerous. It is during this period that stone tools were probably first attached to spears. Spear points, then, are projectile points that were attached to the end of a long shaft  and used to help hunt big mammals for food, either by hurling the spear at the animal  or by thrusting it into the animal at close range. Solutrean Hunter-Gatherers: Dart Points A great leap in hunting technology was made by Homo sapiens and occurred during the Solutrean part of the Upper Paleolithic period, about 21,000 to 17,000 years ago. Known for great artistry in stone point production (including the delicate but effective willow leaf point), the Solutrean people are also probably responsible for the introduction of the atlatl or throwing stick. The atlatl is a sophisticated combination tool, formed out of a short dart shaft with a point socketed into a longer shaft. A leather strap hooked at the far end allowed the hunter to fling the atlatl over her shoulder, the pointed dart flying off in a deadly and accurate manner, from a safe distance. The sharp end of an atlatl is called a dart point. By the way, the word atlatl (pronounced either at-ul at-ul or aht-lah-tul) is the Aztec word for the throwing stick; when Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes landed on the eastern shore of Mexico in the 16th century CE he was greeted by atlatl-wielding individuals. True Arrowheads: The Invention of the Bow and Arrow The bow and arrow, a rather more familiar technological innovation to fans of John Wayne movies, also dates at least to the Upper Paleolithic, but it likely predates atlatls. The earliest evidence is 65,000 years old. Archaeologists usually call these arrow points, when they recognize them. All three types of hunting, the spear, the atlatl, and the bow and arrow, are used today by sportsmen around the world, practicing what our ancestors used on a daily basis. Sources Angelbeck, Bill, and Ian Cameron. The Faustian Bargain of Technological Change: Evaluating the Socioeconomic Effects of the Bow and Arrow Transition in the Coast Salish Past. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 36 (2014): 93–109. Print.Erlandson, Jon, Jack Watts, and Nicholas Jew. Darts, Arrows, and Archaeologists: Distinguishing Dart and Arrow Points in the Archaeological Record. American Antiquity 79.1 (2014): 162–69. Print.Grund, Brigid Sky. Behavioral Ecology, Technology, and the Organization of Labor: How a Shift from Spear Thrower to Self Bow Exacerbates Social Disparities. American Anthropologist 119.1 (2017): 104–19. Print.Maschner, Herbert, and Owen K. Mason. The Bow and Arrow in Northern North America. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 22.3 (2013): 133–38. Print.Vanpool, Todd L., and Michael J. OBrien. Sociopolitical Complexity and the Bow and Arrow in the American Southwest. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Revi ews 22.3 (2013): 111–17. Print. Whittaker, John C. Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why It Matters. Multidisciplinary Approaches to the Study of Stone Age Weaponry. Eds. Iovita, Radu and Katsuhiro Sano. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. 65–74. Print.

How the Associated Press News influences US and how they are playing a Research Paper

How the Associated Press News influences US and how they are playing a role in the Globalized World - Research Paper Example Various organizations participate and have actually influenced how globalization impacts various parties. The media as an industry has been a key player in the transfer of information from one part of the world to another or the rest of the world. The Associated Press is one organization that enjoys international presence with a remarkable resource and customer base to its advantage in fulfilling its mission. This paper will focus on analyzing how the Associated Press News influences the United States of America and how the organization impacts the globalized world. Historical Background and Operating Logistics of the Associated Press The Associated Press (AP), formally New York Associated Press (NYAP), is a news agency that is owned and mainly operated by Americans, established in 1846. The organization was formed by five individual dailies based in New York with an aim of sharing the costs associated with transmitting news. The five daily newspapers that founded AP include New York Sun (the actual originator of the idea), the Express, the Herald, Journal of Commerce, and Courier and Enquirer. Other dailies that joined the five with time included the Tribune (1849) and The New York Times (1851). At the time of its establishment, AP needed to transmit news of the Mexican War, and this was supposed to be accomplished by the use of telegraph, boat and horse express services. In a Supreme Court case, in 1900, involving the Associated Press and Inter Ocean Publishing Company, it was ruled that the former was a public utility that was operating in trade restraint, a factor that led the organization to shift its base to New York from Chicago. This reason for the shift was because corporation laws in New York better favored cooperative organizations. Under the leadership of Melville Stone, the organization’s standards included impartiality, integrity and accuracy. Later, Kent Cooper came to establish news bureaus in the Middle East, South America and Europe. St one oversaw the introduction of the telegraph typewriter in newsrooms. The organization later started using the Wirephoto network that made it possible to transmit photographs within 24 hours from the time they were taken via telephone lines. In 1945, AP began broadcasting its news by distributing them to established radio stations. In 1974, the organization established a radio network for itself. Later in 1994, the organization started using APTV, an agency that worked at gathering global news on video. The organization saw the formation of APTN whose aim was to provide video to websites and international broadcasters. AP has managed to diversify its capabilities to an extent that in 2007 alone, its revenues from US newspapers only accounted for about 30% of its total earnings. In the same year, 18% of the organizations revenues were derived from photography and international newspapers, 15% from internet related ventures and 37% from global broadcast activities. According to the n ews agency, AP is a non-profit organization that is owned by 1500 United States daily newspaper members (Associated Press, 2011). The Associated Press has an admirable resource base, mainly in the form of news articles and features. No wonder its news has previously been published or republished by over 5000 radio and TV broadcasters and

Discrimination of women in wisconson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discrimination of women in wisconson - Essay Example This is the case in Wisconsin, where equal pay law was repealed. Women were the most affected by the move. Amid this, wage discrimination can be used to for the purpose of employee rewarding. Performing employees in the workplace can be awarded higher pay for their efforts, over and above the set discriminatory wage rate. On the other hand, wage discrimination against women can result in mixed impacts in the society and in the economy in general. To the employers, wage discrimination against women or any other group could provide a favorable ground for the exploitation of workers. For employees, this type of discrimination threatens their social welfare and economic security (Grana 183). Finally, the society can plunge into an affirmative action crisis if the situation fails to be harmonized for the interests of all parties involved. Women and children, especially low and middle income earners, are likely to be the most affected due to the social and economic uncertainties that wage discrimination

Patents And Trademarks Essay Example for Free

Patents And Trademarks Essay 1. What are the types of patents? There are basically three (3) types of patents that an individual can apply for.   The first type is called the Utility Patent.   This type of patent is given to any person who is able to invent or discover any novel and useful process, machine, and manufactured article or matter composition.   It also includes any new and useful improvement of such.   The second type of patent is the design patent.   This patent is given to anyone who is able to create an original and novel ornamental design for any manufactured article.    The third type of patent is the plant patent, which is given to anyone who invents or discovers any distinct new variety of plant. 2. How long does the patent review process take? The patent review process is handled by the United States Patent and Trademark Office.   It is tasked with the review and examination of patent applications.   It usually takes a period of 18 months from the time of filing before the patent is approved.   There is also an accelerated patent application examination process that allows the USPTO to advance an application due to special reasons and circumstances. 3. What is the so-called Madrid Protocol concerning the international registration of marks? The Madrid Agreement and Protocol is a procedure by which any state that is a party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property may invoke the international protection that is given to the patent.   Trademark and patent owners may now avail of international protection over their intellectual property rights without the need for filing a separate application in a foreign country.   Being a signatory to any of the agreements entitles the citizens of the signatory country to seek the intellectual property protection of any of the party states to the agreement.